A point cloud data transmission method according to embodiments may comprise the steps of: encoding point cloud data; and/or transmitting the encoded point cloud data. A point cloud data reception method according to embodiments may comprise the steps of: receiving point cloud data; decoding the point cloud data; and/or rendering the point cloud data.

A method and apparatus of video coding incorporating Deep Neural Network are disclosed. A target signal is processed using DNN (Deep Neural Network), where the target signal provided to DNN input corresponds to the reconstructed residual, output from the prediction process, the reconstruction process, one or more filtering processes, or a combination of them. The output data from DNN output is provided for the encoding process or the decoding process. The DNN can be used to restore pixel values of the target signal or to predict a sign of one or more residual pixels between the target signal and an original signal. An absolute value of one or more residual pixels can be signalled in the video bitstream and used with the sign to reduce residual error of the target signal.

Systems, devices and automated processes reduce the effects of unwanted interruption during video encoding by reserving header space at the outset of video encoding. This reserved space can be progressively filled on any periodic or other basis as encoding continues so that a recent header is always available. If an interruption occurs, only the video content encoded after the last header write will be lost, thereby greatly reducing the effects of the interruption.

Systems, devices and automated processes reduce the effects of unwanted interruption during video encoding by reserving header space at the outset of video encoding. This reserved space can be progressively filled on any periodic or other basis as encoding continues so that a recent header is always available. If an interruption occurs, only the video content encoded after the last header write will be lost, thereby greatly reducing the effects of the interruption.

A method of encoding a three-dimensional (3D) image including a point cloud includes grouping a plurality of points included in the point cloud into at least one segment; generating patches by projecting the points included in the segment onto a predetermined plane in a first direction or a second direction; generating two-dimensional (2D) images by packing the patches; and generating and outputting a bitstream including information about a direction in which each point is projected to generate the patches and information about the 2D images.

A 360-degree video data processing method performed by a 360-degree video transmission device, according to the present invention, comprises the steps of: acquiring 360-degree video data; processing the 360-degree video data so as to acquire a 2D picture; dividing the 2D picture so as to derive sub-pictures; generating metadata for the 360-degree video data; encoding at least one of the sub-pictures; and performing processing for storing or transmitting the encoded at least one sub-picture and the metadata, wherein the metadata includes position information of the sub-picture on the 2D picture.

A video processing apparatus and a processing method of video stream are provided. In the method, at least one encoding unit is formed in an image frame, sub-encoding units in multiple encoding units of an image sequence are encoded according to a correlation between a first sub-encoding unit and a second sub-encoding unit in the sub-encoding units, and a video stream is generated according to an encoded result of the image sequence. The image frame is an image of the image sequence, and each of the encoding units records encoding information of a belonging block.

A video processing apparatus and a processing method of video stream are provided. In the method, at least one encoding unit is formed in an image frame, sub-encoding units in multiple encoding units of an image sequence are encoded according to a correlation between a first sub-encoding unit and a second sub-encoding unit in the sub-encoding units, and a video stream is generated according to an encoded result of the image sequence. The image frame is an image of the image sequence, and each of the encoding units records encoding information of a belonging block.

A method for steganographic processing and compression of image data with negligible information loss, wherein said image data comprises noise and information. The method includes the steps of: acquiring image data to be processed and/or compressed, storing and/or transmitting the image data, and preparing the acquired image data for compression. The preparation step includes determining an input noise model and corresponding parameters adapted to reflect noise created by an image sensor used to capture said image data, and removing, with negligible information loss, noise from the acquired image data by use of the input noise model such as to produce noise-reduced image data.

Systems and methods for performing rate-distortion optimization includes receiving an original data corresponding to a block of an image frame, and identifying a reconstructed version of the original data that minimizes a cost function. The cost associated with a particular reconstructed version of the original data may be based on an encoding rate associated with the particular reconstructed version of the original data, and a distortion between the original data and the particular reconstructed version of the original data in response to a supremum norm of error between the original data and the particular reconstructed version of the original data being less than or equal to a threshold value.