An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to circuitry. In operation, circuitry: designs each of subpictures included in a picture in such a manner that at least one pixel included in the subpicture is included in a conformance cropping window; encodes arrangement information indicating an arrangement of each of the subpictures; and encodes each of the subpictures.

An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to circuitry. In operation, circuitry: designs each of subpictures included in a picture in such a manner that at least one pixel included in the subpicture is included in a conformance cropping window; encodes arrangement information indicating an arrangement of each of the subpictures; and encodes each of the subpictures.

An encoding device evaluates a plurality of processing and/or post-processing algorithms and/or methods to be applied to a video stream, and signals a selected method, algorithm, class or category of methods/algorithms either in an encoded bitstream or as side information related to the encoded bitstream. A decoding device or post-processor utilizes the signaled algorithm or selects an algorithm/method based on the signaled method or algorithm. The selection is based, for example, on availability of the algorithm/method at the decoder/post-processor and/or cost of implementation. The video stream may comprise, for example, downsampled multiplexed stereoscopic images and the selected algorithm may include any of upconversion and/or error correction techniques that contribute to a restoration of the downsampled images.

An encoding device evaluates a plurality of processing and/or post-processing algorithms and/or methods to be applied to a video stream, and signals a selected method, algorithm, class or category of methods/algorithms either in an encoded bitstream or as side information related to the encoded bitstream. A decoding device or post-processor utilizes the signaled algorithm or selects an algorithm/method based on the signaled method or algorithm. The selection is based, for example, on availability of the algorithm/method at the decoder/post-processor and/or cost of implementation. The video stream may comprise, for example, downsampled multiplexed stereoscopic images and the selected algorithm may include any of upconversion and/or error correction techniques that contribute to a restoration of the downsampled images.

The present application is directed to a system and device for attraction of pests. This system comprises CO.sub.2-releasing microorganisms, and also nutrients specific to these microorganisms, and this system, or the device, comprises one or more biodegradable biopolymers and allows CO.sub.2, and optionally other attractants, to be released over a period of more than 20 days. Furthermore, the present application provides for the use of such a system or such a device for the attraction of pests, more particularly of maize or potato pests, such as larvae of the Western corn rootworm or wire worm. The present application is also directed, lastly, to methods for attracting pests, more particularly pests of maize or potatoes, such as the larvae of the Western corn rootworm, or for wire worms, with the systems or devices of the invention being positioned in the immediate vicinity of the plants, but preferably not directly on the plants.

This application provides an image processing method and apparatus, a device, and a computer-readable storage medium for use in the field of computer vision. The image processing method includes the following steps: a first image device obtains a compressed image of a raw image and decompresses the compressed image to obtain a first decompressed image; the first image device determines target difference information based on difference information between the raw image and the first decompressed image; the first image device further compresses the target difference information to obtain compressed target difference information; and the first image device sends the compressed image and the compressed target difference information to a second image device. The second image device restores an image based on the received compressed image and target difference information. This application reduces a precision loss between the image restored by the second image device and the raw image.

This disclosure relates generally to method and system for live video streaming with integrated encoding and transmission semantics. The system receives a set of frames associated with a live video stream encoded to generate a set of data fragments using a reference encoder and a delta encoder. Transmitter unit of the live video streaming protocol transmits each packet of the set of full frames and the set of delta frames in sequence with a payload specific header based on a packet mode. Further, the receiver unit receives each packet of the full frames and each packet of the delta frames based on the packet mode to reconstruct an original sequence from the foreground pixels by estimating a total number of packets expected at each frame interval and loss incurred in each packet of the set of full frames and the set of delta frames.

This disclosure relates generally to method and system for live video streaming with integrated encoding and transmission semantics. The system receives a set of frames associated with a live video stream encoded to generate a set of data fragments using a reference encoder and a delta encoder. Transmitter unit of the live video streaming protocol transmits each packet of the set of full frames and the set of delta frames in sequence with a payload specific header based on a packet mode. Further, the receiver unit receives each packet of the full frames and each packet of the delta frames based on the packet mode to reconstruct an original sequence from the foreground pixels by estimating a total number of packets expected at each frame interval and loss incurred in each packet of the set of full frames and the set of delta frames.

An example device for processing video data includes memory configured to store the video data and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors are configured to adjust a chroma dynamic range adjustment (DRA) scale value based on a luma DRA scale value and determine a chroma quantization parameter (QP) based on the luma adjusted chroma DRA scale value, wherein the chroma QP comprises an integer component and a fractional component. The one or more processors are configured to determine an integer chroma QP offset based on the integer component and determine a fractional chroma QP offset based on the fractional component. The one or more processors are configured to determine a DRA chroma scale adjustment value based on the integer chroma QP offset and the fractional chroma QP offset and process the video data based on the DRA chroma scale adjustment value.

In the case where image data of a super-high definition service is transmitted without scalable coding, image data suitable to own display capability in a receiver not supporting the super-high definition service can be easily obtained. A container in a predetermined format having a video stream including encoded image data is transmitted. Auxiliary information for downscaling a spatial and/or temporal resolution of the image data is inserted into the video stream. For example, the auxiliary information indicates a limit of accuracy for a motion vector included in the encoded image data. Further, for example, the auxiliary information identifies a picture to be selected at the time of downscaling the temporal resolution at a predetermined ratio.