The present application provides a synchronization method, a synchronization apparatus, a device, and a storage medium. The synchronization method includes: determining an interface event timestamp point of synchronization event information, and encapsulating the synchronization event information; and inserting the encapsulated synchronization event information into a synchronization information channel of a first preset frame or a second preset frame for performing transmission.

Embodiments including methods, systems, and apparatuses for distributing, processing, and reacting to path information distributed via a service-agnostic packet fabric for the purpose of enabling path selection are disclosed. By configuring two ingress line cards to send path quality words to each other via the switch fabric, compare the path quality words, and determine whether to transmit traffic to an egress line card via the switch fabric based on the comparison of the path quality words, the embodiments enable a central switch fabric to be unaware of the paths that it carries, and enable both ingress and egress bandwidth of the switch fabric to be sized according to the facilities for which it is terminating. The switch fabric does not need to support working and protection paths simultaneously in some embodiments, allowing it to be scaled appropriately to termination facilities.

A method for waking a transceiver for communicating directly with commodity Wi-Fi transceivers (TRXs) via backscatter modulation in an integrated tag device includes sensing an incident Wi-Fi-compliant wake-up signal with a wake-up stage. Upon wake-up, a payload packet is sensed with a sync stage, the sync stage having higher bandwidth and power than the wake-up stage, the sync stage enabling a backscatter transmission circuit in sync with the payload. A backscatter transceiver includes a wake-up receiver having an energy-detection based architecture and having circuitry to conduct a counter-based wake up responsive to two pre-specified WiFi compatible packets. A sync receiver is enabled by the wake-up receiver upon reception of the two pre-specified WiFi compatible packets, the sync receiver including circuitry to detect a payload packet and create a backscatter enable signal synced with a payload of the payload packet. A backscatter transmitter is enabled by the backscatter enable signal.

Embodiments including methods, systems, and apparatuses for distributing, processing, and reacting to path information distributed via a service-agnostic packet fabric for the purpose of enabling path selection are disclosed. By configuring two ingress line cards to send path quality words to each other via the switch fabric, compare the path quality words, and determine whether to transmit traffic to an egress line card via the switch fabric based on the comparison of the path quality words, the embodiments enable a central switch fabric to be unaware of the paths that it carries, and enable both ingress and egress bandwidth of the switch fabric to be sized according to the facilities for which it is terminating. The switch fabric does not need to support working and protection paths simultaneously in some embodiments, allowing it to be scaled appropriately to termination facilities.

A communication system, such as a wireless CDMA system, detects markers with fewer errors by having field units transmit the markers at different power levels (e.g., 9 dB for one marker and 11 dB for another marker). The difference in power levels of the markers allows the base station to identify the request markers using alternative criteria with a low probability of error, where the alternative criteria may include comparing the markers to respective energy level thresholds, monitoring occupancy of time slots, occupancy of mutually exclusive code channels, or combinations thereof. For example, in one particular embodiment, a request marker, which is generally a high priority marker, is transmitted with higher power, which improves the probability of detection and reduces the probability of false detection of the request marker.

A forward optical intensity modulation signal, generated by optical intensity-modulating a laser signal using a forward microwave phase modulation signal, is transmitted from a base to a remote station. A backward microwave phase modulation signal, in which frequency of the forward microwave phase modulation signal is changed by demodulating the forward optical intensity modulation signal, is generated, and a backward optical intensity modulation signal, generated by optical intensity-modulating the laser signal using the backward microwave phase modulation signal, is transmitted from the remote station to the base. The backward microwave phase modulation signal is extracted by photoelectric converting the backward optical intensity modulation signal, a round trip timing is extracted by demodulating the backward microwave phase modulation signal, and transmission delay is determined from a difference between the timing and the round trip timing.

A method for securing the time synchronization of an Ethernet on-board network of a motor vehicle, by: determining a delay time of a first signal on a first connecting path between a first control unit of the network and a second control unit of the network; determining a maximum speed of the first connecting path on the basis of the delay time; and determining a type of a transmission medium of the first connecting path on the basis of the maximum speed. The determination of the delay time of a first signal, the determination of the maximum speed of the first connecting path, and the determination of the type of a transmission medium of the first connecting path result in an entropy source being formed that is used to ascertain at least one dynamic key for the connecting path to encrypt a time synchronization message for the connecting path.

An in-vehicle communication system includes: an optical coupler; a first in-vehicle device group composed of a plurality of in-vehicle devices connected to a first end of the optical coupler; and a second in-vehicle device group composed of a plurality of in-vehicle devices connected to a second end of the optical coupler. The in-vehicle devices in the first in-vehicle device group are communicable with the in-vehicle devices in the second in-vehicle device group via a common transmission path in the optical coupler. The in-vehicle devices in the second in-vehicle device group are communicable with the in-vehicle devices in the first in-vehicle device group via a common transmission path in the optical coupler.

Apparatus and methods relating to synchronization of communication equipment are disclosed. Synchronization information received from a bonded communication link can be used to synchronize local and/or remote communication equipment, such as femtocell sites coupled to nodes in a ring network. This may involve isolating a frequency reference signal from a DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) communication link which is a constituent link of a bonded communication link, for example. In a ring network, received synchronization information could be used in synchronizing a locally connected installation of communication equipment, and passed for transmission in the ring network for synchronizing other communication equipment. Such dropping and passing of an analog frequency reference signal could be applied in networks having other topologies as well. At least some embodiments of the invention are applicable to optical links. One or more dedicated wavelengths of an optical link could be used to transfer a frequency reference signal, for example. Other functions, such as quality monitoring, quality reporting, and/or predictive traffic forwarding may be provided in some embodiments.

Lane drop detection techniques for multi-lane optical transceivers are provided. In one aspect, a method includes capturing a phase interpolator (PI) control word for each lane of an optical transceiver; determining a lane difference between a master lane and each non-master lane; calculating a difference associated with each non-master lane, wherein the difference associated with a given non-master lane is calculated as a difference between the lane difference associated with the given non-master lane and a reference lane difference associated with the given non-master lane; upon determining that at least one of the differences has reached a drift threshold, determining that the master lane or one or more of the non-master lanes is invalid based on which of the differences have reached the drift threshold; and performing a control action when the master lane or one or more of the non-master lanes is invalid.