Disclosed are hemodialysis and similar dialysis systems including fluid flow circuits. Hemodialysis systems may include a blood flow path, and a dialysate flow path including balancing, mixing, and/or a directing circuits. Preparation of dialysate may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit and/or the various fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply may be provided that, when activated, is able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and blood back to the patient. Such a system may be useful during a power failure. The hemodialysis system may also include fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, mixers, etc., actuated using a control fluid. The control fluid may be delivered to the fluid handling devices using a detachable external pump. The fluid handling devices may have a spheroid shape with a diaphragm dividing it into two compartments.

A system and method for generating a secret key to facilitate secure communications between users. A first and second and a function between the two monoids are selected, the function being a monoid homomorphism. A group and a group action of the group on the first monoid is selected. Each user is assigned a submonoid of the first monoid so that these submonoids satisfy a special symmetry property determined by the function, a structure of the first and second monoids, and the action of the group. A multiplication of an element in the second monoid and an element in the first monoid is obtained by combining the group action and the monoid homomorphism. First and second users choose private keys which are sequences of elements in their respective submonoids. A first result is obtained by multiplying an identity element by the first element of the sequence in a respective submonoid. Starting with the first result, each element of the user's private key may be iteratively multiplied by the previous result to produce a public key. Public keys are exchanged between first and second users. Each user's private key may be iteratively multiplied by the other user's public key to produce a secret key. Secure communication may then occur between the first and second user using the secret key.

The present invention concerns an anticoagulation fluid comprising 10-40 mM citrate and 0.1-4 mM phosphate. The anticoagulation fluid is to be used for regional citrate anticoagulation in an extracorporeal blood circuit. The anticoagulation fluid may be combined with at least one treatment fluid in the dialysis treatment, and it may be included in a system for regional citrate anticoagulation in an extracorporeal blood circuit.

Provided herein are methods for maintaining physiological levels of nitrite in a subject undergoing hemodialysis. Also provided herein are methods of administering pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite to a subject undergoing hemodialysis.

A home dialysis machine network is provided that includes a home dialysis machine and one or more walk-up service centers. The walk-up service center can be equipped with a diagnostic tool, parts, or supplies for the home dialysis machine. Methods of maintaining a home dialysis machine are also provided as are service centers equipped with a transportation service or office, a diagnostics department, an education and training department, a consultation department, an exercise and spa department, an entertainment department, a sales department, a repair shop, a new technologies department, a pharmacy, and a doctor's office.

The present disclosure includes systems and methods for hemodialysis, such as including a first dialysis module and an auxiliary module detachably connectable to the first dialysis module. The first dialysis module can include a dialyzer, a blood circuit, a dialysate circuit, and a sorbent. The auxiliary module can include an ultrafiltrate collector operably couplable to the dialysate circuit for removing excess fluid therefrom.

The present invention concerns a multipart fluid system for dialysis therapy, wherein the multipart fluid system comprises an anticoagulation fluid and at least one treatment fluid from the group consisting of dialysis fluid and infusion fluids. According to the invention the anticoagulation fluid comprises 15-40 mM citrate; and the at least one treatment fluid comprises 1.5-8 mM citrate and 10 mM bicarbonate. The present invention further concerns a system for citrate anticoagulation in an extracorporeal blood circuit.

Provided herein are methods for maintaining physiological levels of nitrite in a subject undergoing hemodialysis. Also provided herein are methods of administering pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite to a subject undergoing hemodialysis.

A dialyzer and a fabricating method thereof are provided. The dialyzer includes a housing, a hydrophilic layer, a fixing layer, a plurality of hollow fiber membranes, and two end caps. The housing has a first opening and a second opening, and is provided with a dialysate inlet and a dialysate outlet, wherein an entire peripheral surface of the housing located between the first opening and the dialysate inlet is a first portion, and an entire peripheral surface of the housing located between the second opening and the dialysate outlet is a second portion. The hydrophilic layer is disposed on the inner wall of the first portion and the second portion, wherein the hydrophilic layer and the housing are different materials. The fixing layer is disposed on the hydrophilic layer and fixes the hollow fiber membranes to the inner wall of the housing.

An end cap of a dialyzer and a fabricating method thereof, and a dialyzer are provided. The end cap includes a main body and a sealing element. The main body has a blood port. The sealing element is integrally connected on an inner wall of the main body.