Dialysis systems comprising actuators that cooperate to perform dialysis functions and sensors that cooperate to monitor dialysis functions are disclosed. According to one aspect, such a hemodialysis system comprises a user interface model layer, a therapy layer, below the user interface model layer, and a machine layer below the therapy layer. The user interface model layer is configured to manage the state of a graphical user interface and receive inputs from a graphical user interface. The therapy layer is configured to run state machines that generate therapy commands based at least in part on the inputs from the graphical user interface. The machine layer is configured to provide commands for the actuators based on the therapy commands.

A method for a hybrid blood and peritoneal dialysis (PD) machine comprising: (i) determining whether a previous treatment left a last fill of dialysate in a patient's peritoneum; (ii) if a next treatment is a PD treatment, and if the previous treatment did not leave the last fill of dialysate, causing a PD treatment in which a first cycle is a fill cycle to be initiated; (iii) if the next treatment is a PD treatment, and if the previous treatment did leave the last fill of dialysate, causing a PD treatment in which a first cycle is a last fill drain cycle to be initiated; and (iv) if the next treatment is a blood treatment and if the previous treatment did leave the last fill of dialysate, causing a blood treatment including a last fill drain cycle to be initiated.

A blood based solute monitoring system for measuring at least one blood solute species that has a first recirculation flow path in fluid communication with a dialyzer. The first recirculation flow path is configured to allow a fluid to recirculate through a dialyzer such that the concentration of at least one solute species in the fluid becomes equilibrated to the solute species concentration of the blood in a blood compartment of the dialyzer. The blood solute monitoring system has at least one sensor to measure a fluid characteristic.

A hybrid hemodialysis (HD)/peritoneal dialysis (PD) system includes: a reservoir; a weigh scale operably coupled with the reservoir; and at least one controller programmed to run (i) an HD treatment in which blood is pumped to a blood compartment of a dialyzer, fresh HD dialysis fluid is pumped to a dialysis fluid compartment of the dialyzer, and used HD dialysis fluid is pumped from the dialysis fluid compartment of the dialyzer to the reservoir, and at a different time (ii) a PD treatment in which fresh PD dialysis fluid is pumped to a patient and used PD dialysis fluid is pumped from the patient to the reservoir.

A system for producing dialysis fluid comprises: a forward osmosis, FO, unit comprising a feed side and a draw side separated by an FO membrane, a first subsystem for providing spent fluid to the feed side, a second fluid sub-system for providing a concentrate fluid to the draw side, and a third sub-system for receiving a diluted concentrate fluid from the draw side and processing the diluted concentrate fluid into a final dialysis fluid. A water supply unit is configured to extract liquid water from ambient air. The water supply unit is fluidly connected to provide process water, which includes the extracted liquid water, to at least one of (i) the first fluid sub-system for combination with the spent fluid, (ii) the second fluid subsystem for admixing into the concentrate fluid, or (iii) the third sub-system.

The invention relates to a device and a method for conveying a fluid to a filter unit of a medical treatment apparatus, in particular for conveying a dialysing fluid to a treatment unit, in particular a dialyser or filter of an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus. The device comprises a balancing unit and a recirculation unit, which comprises one or more chambers. With the balancing unit, it is possible to supply fresh fluid continuously to the recirculation circuit and to discharge used fluid from the recirculation circuit. The supply and discharge of fresh and used dialysing fluid can take place at a flow rate other than the flow rate at which the fluid circulates in the recirculation circuit via the filter unit.

A fluid handling cassette, such as that useable with an automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) cycler device or other infusion apparatus, may include a generally planar body having at least one pump chamber formed as a depression in a first side of the body and a plurality of flowpaths for a fluid that includes a channel. A patient line port may be arranged for connection to a patient line and be in fluid communication with the at least one pump chamber via at least a first one of said flowpaths, and an optional membrane may be attached to the first side of the body over the at least one pump chamber. In one embodiment, the membrane may have a pump chamber portion with an unstressed shape that generally conforms to the depression of the at least one pump chamber in the body and is arranged to be movable for movement of the fluid in a useable space of the at least one pump chamber. One or more spacers may be provided in the at least one pump chamber to prevent the membrane from contacting an inner wall of the at least one pump chamber. The patient line, a drain line, and/or a heater bag line may be positioned to be separately occludable in relation to one or more solution lines that are connectable to the cassette.

A blood based solute monitoring system for measuring at least one blood solute species that has a first recirculation flow path in fluid communication with a dialyzer. The first recirculation flow path is configured to allow a fluid to recirculate through a dialyzer such that the concentration of at least one solute species in the fluid becomes equilibrated to the solute species concentration of the blood in a blood compartment of the dialyzer. The blood solute monitoring system has at least one sensor to measure a fluid characteristic.

Disclosed are hemodialysis and similar dialysis systems including fluid flow circuits. Hemodialysis systems may include a blood flow path, and a dialysate flow path including balancing, mixing, and/or a directing circuits. Preparation of dialysate may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit and/or the various fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply may be provided that, when activated, is able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and blood back to the patient. Such a system may be useful during a power failure. The hemodialysis system may also include fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, mixers, etc., actuated using a control fluid. The control fluid may be delivered to the fluid handling devices using a detachable external pump. The fluid handling devices may have a spheroid shape with a diaphragm dividing it into two compartments.

A blood purification apparatus is provided that can easily and accurately determine before treatment whether or not blocking of liquid by a check valve is appropriate. In the blood purification apparatus including a blood circuit, a dialyzer, a dialysate introduction line and a dialysate discharge line, pressure detection device, a dialysate extraction device, a dialysate supply line, and a check valve that blocks flow of a liquid from the blood circuit to the dialysate introduction line, there are provided a control means that makes it possible to generate a pressure difference between a side of the blood circuit and a side of the dialysate introduction line across the check valve, a monitor means that makes it possible to monitor a change in a detection value of the pressure detection device based on the pressure difference, and a determination means that makes it possible to determine whether or not blocking of liquid by the check valve is appropriate based on the change in the detection value of the pressure detection device.