Apparatus and method for photo-chemical oxidation are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a system for treating a dialysis fluid includes: a nanostructured photo-electrochemical anode; a source of light configured to illuminate the photo-electrochemical anode; and a cathode that is permeable to oxygen provided to the dialysis fluid and non-permeable to a liquid of the dialysis fluid. The photo-electrochemical anode is configured to remove urea from the dialysis fluid by converting the urea in the dialysis fluid into oxidation products through a photo electrochemical reaction.

The invention relates to a testing system and related methods for detecting peritonitis or infection in peritoneal dialysate removed from a patient. The testing system can include a fluid sensor apparatus in a fluid line of a peritoneal dialysis cycler through which spent peritoneal dialysate can be pumped. The fluid sensor apparatus can detect one or more markers associated with peritonitis or infection.

Described are peritoneal dialysis systems and methods that involve the use of crossflow filtration of a used dialysate withdrawn from the peritoneal space of a patient. The filtration forms a retentate containing amounts of an osmotic agent and a permeate containing amounts of water and nitrogen-containing waste products of the patient. The retentate, or a fraction thereof, can be returned to the peritoneal space of the patient to return osmotic agent to the patient. The permeate, or a fraction thereof, can be discarded to discard nitrogen-containing waste products of the patient.

A medical fluid system includes a container holding a fluid at a level; and a radio frequency level sensor operably connected to the container and including an emitting electrode and a receiving electrode, the electrodes operating as a transmission line having an electrical impedance that varies with the level or volume of the fluid in the container, the level sensor configured to measure a phase shift of the transmission line, the phase shift indicative of the level or volume of the fluid in the container.

A pH-buffer measurement system that has at least one source for modifying the pH of a fluid entering the system, the source selected from an acid source and a base source. The acid source adds an acid equivalent to provide an acid reacted fluid and the base source adds a base equivalent to provide a base reacted fluid. The source is in fluid communication with a flow path and a component for determining a fluid characteristic of the acid reacted fluid or the base reacted fluid. The fluid characteristic that is measured is any one of a gas phase pressure, an electrical conductivity, or thermal conductivity.

A fluid preparation apparatus for a renal failure treatment is disclosed. In an example, the fluid preparation apparatus includes an inlet configured to receive water from a water source and a fluid line fluidly connected to the inlet. The apparatus also includes a pump fluidly connected to the fluid line. The pump is configured to pump concentrate from a concentrate container to mix with the water to form a fluid mixture. The apparatus further includes a sensor configured to measure a composition characteristic of the fluid mixture. Additionally, the apparatus includes a controller operably coupled to the pump, the sensor, and a valve. The controller is configured to receive a composition characteristic value from the sensor, and cause the valve to route the fluid mixture for the renal failure treatment when the composition characteristic value indicates that the fluid mixture is suitable for the renal failure treatment.

A dialysis system (10) comprising a dialysis machine (20) and a water purification system (30). The water purification system (30) comprising a pre-treatment system (10) and a primary treatment system (80). The water purification system (30) is provided within a portable unit (90) defining an enclosure. The dialysis machine (20) is removably provided on an upper surface of the enclosure of the portable unit (90).

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating cancer with nutritionally modified diets and/or dialysis treatment, such as through amino acid depletion of one or more nonessential amino acids. In some aspects, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating obesity with such modified diets and/or dialysis treatment. Furthermore, in some aspects, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating renal disease with such modified diets and/or dialysis treatment.

The invention provides a source of sodium thiosulfate via the dialysate used to cleanse the bool of toxic and metabolic waste in the patients undergoing hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or gastro-intestinal dialysis for treatment of end-stage or near end-stage chronic renal disease. In the method of the invention, dialysis solution components contain therapeutic amounts of sodium thiosulfate, which when fully reconstituted for use as a single solution, deliver 20-130 mg/dl of dialysate.

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing steviol glycoside and or steviol glycoside derivatives as well as to their use as osmotics in particular for use in the treatment of chronic renal failure by dialysis.