An apparatus and method are provided for steering a PDU session associated with traffic routed to a selected UPF. The method includes receiving, from an AF entity, a first message including information for selecting a UPF entity for traffic routing of a terminal and information on a spatial condition associated with a location of the terminal; transmitting, to an SMF entity, a second message to receive information associated with the location of the terminal indicating that the terminal entered or left a specific area, the specific area being determined by the PCF entity based on the spatial condition; receiving, from the SMF entity, a third message including the information associated with the location of the terminal; and transmitting, to the SMF entity, a fourth message based on the information associated with the location of the terminal included in the third message, the fourth message including the information for selecting the UPF entity for traffic routing of the terminal.

An apparatus and method are provided for steering a PDU session associated with traffic routed to a selected UPF. The method includes receiving, from an AF entity, a first message including information for selecting a UPF entity for traffic routing of a terminal and information on a spatial condition associated with a location of the terminal; transmitting, to an SMF entity, a second message to receive information associated with the location of the terminal indicating that the terminal entered or left a specific area, the specific area being determined by the PCF entity based on the spatial condition; receiving, from the SMF entity, a third message including the information associated with the location of the terminal; and transmitting, to the SMF entity, a fourth message based on the information associated with the location of the terminal included in the third message, the fourth message including the information for selecting the UPF entity for traffic routing of the terminal.

A communication method in a vehicle to everything (V2X), user equipment (UE), and a network device can achieve a correct communication between UE and UE on a PC5 interface. The method includes: receiving, by the UE, first information transmitted by the network device, the first information being configured to instruct a radio access technology (RAT) authorized to be used by the UE on the PC5 interface.

A communication method in a vehicle to everything (V2X), user equipment (UE), and a network device can achieve a correct communication between UE and UE on a PC5 interface. The method includes: receiving, by the UE, first information transmitted by the network device, the first information being configured to instruct a radio access technology (RAT) authorized to be used by the UE on the PC5 interface.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive an indication of one or more SNPN roaming groups associated with a network to which the UE is subscribed. The UE may determine that a transmission from an SNPN identifies a roaming group identifier associated with an SNPN roaming group of the one or more SNPN roaming groups. The UE may register with the SNPN based at least in part on determining that the transmission identifies the roaming group identifier. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive an indication of one or more SNPN roaming groups associated with a network to which the UE is subscribed. The UE may determine that a transmission from an SNPN identifies a roaming group identifier associated with an SNPN roaming group of the one or more SNPN roaming groups. The UE may register with the SNPN based at least in part on determining that the transmission identifies the roaming group identifier. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Embodiments of this application relate to a service authorization method and system, and an apparatus. The method includes: A first NRF receives a first request requesting an access token for accessing service of a second NF in a second network from a first NF, where the first NF and the first NRF are located in a first network, and the first request includes SNPN information of the first network and/or the second network. The first NRF forwards the first request to a second NRF located in the second network. The second NRF generates an access token in response to the first request, where the access token includes the SNPN information of the first network and/or the second network. The second NRF sends the access token to the first NRF. The first NRF receives the access token and sends the access token to the first NF.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media for network slice selection function (NSSF) recovery. A method includes creating, at an NSSF, subscriptions for a number of access and mobility management functions (AMFs) and storing availability information for each AMF. The method includes determining, at the NSSF, that the NSSF failed to process at least one service update message from at least one of the AMFs, and in response, sending a notification request message to each of the AMFs, the notification request message requesting each AMF to update availability information for the AMF. The method includes receiving, at the NSSF, updated availability information from each of the AMFs. The method includes distributing, at the NSSF, the updated availability information to each of the AMFs.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media for network slice selection function (NSSF) recovery. A method includes creating, at an NSSF, subscriptions for a number of access and mobility management functions (AMFs) and storing availability information for each AMF. The method includes determining, at the NSSF, that the NSSF failed to process at least one service update message from at least one of the AMFs, and in response, sending a notification request message to each of the AMFs, the notification request message requesting each AMF to update availability information for the AMF. The method includes receiving, at the NSSF, updated availability information from each of the AMFs. The method includes distributing, at the NSSF, the updated availability information to each of the AMFs.

In an embodiment, a method for determining the type of a mobile radio base station is provided. The method may include receiving a synchronization message comprising a mobile radio base station identifier, and determining the type of a mobile radio base station using a previously signaled and stored piece of mobile radio base station type determining information indicating a rule as to how the type of a mobile radio base station out of a plurality of types of a mobile radio base station can be derived from a mobile radio base station identifier and the received mobile radio base station identifier.