This application discloses a roaming steering method, an apparatus, a device, a storage medium, and a system. In this application, a reference roaming steering condition is determined by an access control device by performing, for a plurality of times, a roaming steering test on one or more terminals belonging to a reference model, and the reference model is a model of a target terminal. Therefore, the reference roaming steering condition is similar to a roaming rule in the target terminal. In this case, when a first access point device obtains the reference roaming steering condition and determines that the target terminal satisfies the reference roaming steering condition, even if the target terminal does not unconditionally obey roaming steering of the first access point device, there is a high probability that the target terminal is successfully steered to roam.

A method, apparatus, and device for determining protocol architecture are provided. The method includes: receiving a target message from a second device, where the target message carries first information; and determining, based on the first information and second information, whether to establish a communication connection to the second device, where the first information is used to indicate architecture information of a first protocol architecture that the second device currently supports and/or prefers, and the second information is used to indicate architecture information of a second protocol architecture that a first device currently supports and/or prefers.

The inter-system ping-pong suppression method, an apparatus, a terminal device and a storage medium are provided. The method comprises: determining a target network standard in at least two network standards when the terminal device is in inter-system ping-pong state, wherein the inter-system ping-pong state refers to a state that the terminal device repeatedly switches between cells of at least two network standards; closing the network capability of the terminal device in other network standards, wherein the other network standards are the network standards other than the target network standard among at least two network standards.

The inter-system ping-pong suppression method, an apparatus, a terminal device and a storage medium are provided. The method comprises: determining a target network standard in at least two network standards when the terminal device is in inter-system ping-pong state, wherein the inter-system ping-pong state refers to a state that the terminal device repeatedly switches between cells of at least two network standards; closing the network capability of the terminal device in other network standards, wherein the other network standards are the network standards other than the target network standard among at least two network standards.

A user equipment device (UE) initiates the creation of a dedicated bearer between a local gateway (L-GW) and a packet data network gateway (P-GW). A GTP tunnel is established to connect the L-GW, a serving gateway (S-GW), and the P-GW. The L-GW and P-GW apply Network Address Translation (NAT) and/or Traffic Flow Template (TFT) to route the traffic between the LS and a Service Capacity Server/Application Server (SCS/AS). Alternatively, an SCS-initiates the bearer creation, and an SCEF manages the creation of the GTP tunnel connecting. The L-GW may be co-located with an Evolved UTRAN Node B (eNB) and/or connected to multiple eNBs which are not co-located with the L-GW.

A user equipment device (UE) initiates the creation of a dedicated bearer between a local gateway (L-GW) and a packet data network gateway (P-GW). A GTP tunnel is established to connect the L-GW, a serving gateway (S-GW), and the P-GW. The L-GW and P-GW apply Network Address Translation (NAT) and/or Traffic Flow Template (TFT) to route the traffic between the LS and a Service Capacity Server/Application Server (SCS/AS). Alternatively, an SCS-initiates the bearer creation, and an SCEF manages the creation of the GTP tunnel connecting. The L-GW may be co-located with an Evolved UTRAN Node B (eNB) and/or connected to multiple eNBs which are not co-located with the L-GW.

An electronic device according to an embodiment of the disclosure may include a communication module, a subscriber identification module, and at least one processor. The at least one processor may identify identification information of the subscriber identification module stored in the subscriber identification module when the subscriber identification module is identified as being first inserted, may configure a network service provider based on the identified identification information, may generate a signature by using lock information of the subscriber identification module, may identify network lock information when the signature is identified as being valid, and may set up a network lock function of the communication module based on the identified network lock information.

User equipment (UE) includes processing circuitry coupled to memory. To configure the UE for performing multiple signal quality measurements in a 5G network, the processing circuitry is to encode configuration signaling for transmission to a base station. The configuration signaling indicates the UE supports multiple measurement gap (MG) patterns in parallel. RRC signaling responsive to the configuration signaling is decoded. The RRC signaling comprising configuration information to configure the UE for multiple measurement gaps in parallel and provides SMTC for synchronization signal transmissions within the multiple measurement gaps. A plurality of SSBs is decoded using periodicity and duration information of the synchronization signal transmissions included in the SMTC, the plurality of SSBs received during the multiple measurement gaps. Multiple signal quality measurements are encoded for transmission to the base station, the multiple signal quality measurements based on the plurality of SSBs.

In a wireless local area network (LAN) system, a transmission STA may generate capability information related to WLAN sensing. The capability information may comprise a common part and an individual part. The common part may comprise sensing support band information including information related to whether WLAN sensing performed in a sub 7 GHz band is supported, and information related to whether WLAN sensing performed in a 60 GHz band is supported. The individual part may comprise, on the basis of the sensing support band information, at least one of capability information for WLAN sensing performed in the sub 7 GHz band, and capability information for WLAN sensing performed in the 60 GHz band. The transmission STA may transmit the capability information to a reception STA.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A UE may identify a non-dormant mode configuration for measuring cross-link interference in a non-dormant mode for a cell. The UE may receive, from a base station, an indication to switch to a dormant mode for the cell and may identify a dormant mode configuration for measuring the cross-link interference in the dormant mode. The UE may measure the cross-link interference in the dormant mode based on the identified dormant mode configuration and receiving the indication to switch to the dormant mode. The UE may transmit, to the base station, an indication of the measured cross-link interference.