The present publication relates to the wireless signal technologies, and provides methods and systems for wireless signal reinforcement and wireless network load sharing and following. The method for wireless signal reinforcement comprising: a mobile wireless access point moving and measuring the wireless signal strength of other wireless access points received at the location the mobile wireless access point passes through; determining a first location where the wireless signal needs to be reinforced according to the measurement result; and the mobile wireless access point moving to a second location according to the first location, so that the strength of the wireless signal transmitted by the mobile wireless access point from the second location to the first location exceeding the strength of the wireless signal of other wireless access points at the first location. The implementation of the publication can adaptively change the distribution of the environment wireless signals as the environment changes, and realize efficient coverage of wireless signals at low cost.

Various techniques and approaches described herein may be applied to control congestion at a session management (SM) function (SMF) based on at least one back-off timer maintained at a user equipment (UE). In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE may be configured to establish a protocol data unit (PDU) session with a SMF. The UE may be configured to determine whether a back-off timer associated with the PDU session is terminated. The UE may refrain from sending, to the SMF, data over a control plane associated with the PDU session when the back-off timer is unterminated. The UE may send, to the SMF, the data over the control plane associated with the PDU session when the back-off timer is terminated.

Provided are a method and apparatus for performing communication between terminals in a wireless communication system, and an operation method of a first terminal in a wireless communication system, includes: determining to establish or release a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) entity related to sidelink communication, based on SDAP configuration information related to the sidelink communication, wherein the SDAP entity is configured for each of a destination identifier and a cast type; and establishing or releasing the SDAP entity, based on a result of the determining

Techniques of ensuring that the survival time requirement is fulfilled include applying, by the UE (transmitter), a plurality of different logical channel (LCH) mapping restrictions to the packets on the same data radio bearer (DRB). In some implementations, the LCH mapping restrictions to be applied depend on the SN of the PDCP PDU to be processed. For example, the first LCH mapping restriction may be limited to radio resource with lower reliability (e.g., with the first LCH mapping restriction, the data from this LCH can only be mapped to a CG configuration without repetition and/or high MCS), while the second LCH mapping restriction may be limited to radio resources with extremely high reliability (e.g., with the first LCH mapping restriction, the data from this LCH can only be mapped to a CG configuration with repetitions and/or low MCS).

In a wireless local area network system, a station (STA) can transmit a PPDU including frame drop information. The frame drop information can include information related to whether a frame drop caused by time latency has occurred in the STA.

In a wireless local area network system, a station (STA) can transmit a PPDU including frame drop information. The frame drop information can include information related to whether a frame drop caused by time latency has occurred in the STA.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of 5G core networks, and provides a quality of service measurement method and device, a user plane function entity, and a computer-readable storage medium. The quality of service measurement method includes: a user plane function receiving a quality of service measurement request sent by a session management function, wherein the quality of service measurement request includes a trigger condition of a quality of service measurement failure and a measurement result of the quality of service measurement failure; the user plane function determining whether or not the trigger condition of the quality of service measurement failure is satisfied: and if so, the user plane function sending, to a control plane function, the measurement result of the quality of service measurement failure.

A processing method of direct communication, a processing device of direct communication, a relay terminal and a remote terminal are provided. The method includes: receiving a direct communication request message sent by a remote terminal, where the direct communication request message includes: a flow identification of a first QoS flow requested to be established and a QoS parameter of the first QoS flow; the first QoS flow is a QoS flow on a direct communication interface between the remote terminal and the relay terminal; and sending a direct communication response message to the remote terminal, where the direct communication response message is configured to indicate that an establishment of the first QoS flow is finished.

Methods and systems for establishing multicast and broadcast services are described. In one example aspect, the method includes adding, upon determination that flow establishment configuration information does not include a multicast broadcast service (MBS) flow identifier, a first identifier to the user data of the data traffic flow, and transmitting the data traffic flows with the first identifier through the unicast tunnel, or adding, upon determination that the flow establishment configuration information includes the multicast broadcast service (MBS) flow identifier and the corresponding multicast shared tunnel, a second identifier to the user data of the data traffic flows, and transmitting the data traffic flows with the second identifier through the multicast shared tunnel.

A spectrum management device includes a processing circuit configured to: coordinate, according to a predetermined interference coordination principle, interference between one or more base station devices of a communication system to be added and one or more base station devices of an existing communication system managed by the spectrum management device; determine, according to an interference coordination result, coordinated system performance of the communication system to be added; and send the coordinated system performance of the communication system to be added to the electronic device that manages the communication system to be added, so that the electronic device determines whether to allow the spectrum management device to perform spectrum management on the communication system to be added.