A user equipment (UE) for handover processes between communication networks includes one or more processors, and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that when executed by the one or more processors, cause the UE to receive, by the UE, first diagnostic information, determine whether to perform a first handover from a first communication network to a second communication network based on a first set of thresholds, the first set of thresholds being based on the first diagnostic information, receive, by the UE, an update of the first diagnostic information, and determine whether to perform a second handover from the first communication network to the second communication network based on an updated first set of thresholds, the updated first set of thresholds being based on the updated first diagnostic information.

A system described herein may provide for the use of artificial intelligence/machine learning (“AI/ML”) techniques to generate models for various locations or regions (e.g., sectors) associated with one or more radio access networks (“RANs”) of a wireless network. The system may determine Key Performance Indicators (“KPIs”) or other attributes that are of particular relevance or importance for a given sector model, and may determine actions to perform with respect to particular sectors in order to enhance performance according to the KPIs that are of particular relevance to a sector model determined with respect to the particular sectors.

A system described herein may provide for the use of artificial intelligence/machine learning (“AI/ML”) techniques to generate models for various locations or regions (e.g., sectors) associated with one or more radio access networks (“RANs”) of a wireless network. The system may determine Key Performance Indicators (“KPIs”) or other attributes that are of particular relevance or importance for a given sector model, and may determine actions to perform with respect to particular sectors in order to enhance performance according to the KPIs that are of particular relevance to a sector model determined with respect to the particular sectors.

Disclosed is a method of managing PDU session inter-working in a User Equipment, UE, wherein if the UE changes from WB-N1 mode to NB-S1 mode, then the UE sets the state of any dedicated EPS bearer context to be inactive.

Disclosed is a method of managing PDU session inter-working in a User Equipment, UE, wherein if the UE changes from WB-N1 mode to NB-S1 mode, then the UE sets the state of any dedicated EPS bearer context to be inactive.

A method is provided. The method may be performed by a UE. The method includes attempting to attach to or to perform a tracking area update in an EPS network to obtain voice services for a number of times. The method includes starting a modified timer based on a failure to attach to or to perform the tracking area update in an EPS network for the number of times and based on a configuration parameter. The modified timer may be modified based on a default timer. The method includes keeping an S1 mode enabled when starting the modified timer. The method includes attempting to obtain the voice services based on one or more access technologies other than EPS. The method includes attaching to or performing a tracking area update in the EPS network to obtain voice services based on the modified timer.

A quantum resistant method is provided for supporting user equipment (UE) roaming across APs/eNBs/gNBs belonging to various Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs) in enterprise 5G and WiFi co-located deployments. The method may include initializing a SKS server in an electrical communication with a master WLC with a random post-quantum common secret seed (PQSEED) to generate a post-quantum pre-shared key (PQPSK) and a respective PQPSK-ID. The method may also include sending an encrypted PQSEED along with a PQPSK-ID to a second WLC. The method may further include joining AP (WiFi) to the master WLC using a CAPWAP/DTLS protocol. The method may further include sending the PQPSK-ID from the master WLC to the UE in an EAP success packet when the UE is associated with the AP (WiFi).

There is provided method for managing network resources by switching the slice used to support a user equipment (UE), in a process referred to as slice handover or slice switching. There are several reasons why a slice handover may be implemented, include movement of the UE and network load balancing. Further the UE can be switched to a new slice operated by the same service provider (intra-operator handover) or a different service provider (inter-operator handover).

There is provided method for managing network resources by switching the slice used to support a user equipment (UE), in a process referred to as slice handover or slice switching. There are several reasons why a slice handover may be implemented, include movement of the UE and network load balancing. Further the UE can be switched to a new slice operated by the same service provider (intra-operator handover) or a different service provider (inter-operator handover).

Example communication methods and apparatus are described. One example communication method includes receiving first indication information by a first network element from a second network element, where the first indication information is used to indicate that a current condition supports establishment of a session of a first network for a terminal apparatus. The first network element obtains first quality of service (QoS) control information of a first session of the terminal apparatus after receiving the first indication information, where the first session is a session established by the terminal apparatus by using a second network. The first network element sends the first QoS control information to the second network element.