A system includes a processor configured to detect the presence of a wireless network access point usable for vehicular communication. The processor is also configured to connect to the wireless access point and report connection information relating to the connected wireless access point to an entity capable of establishing direct cellular connection with a vehicle, identifying the connected wireless access point as an alternative communication method if cellular communication is unavailable.

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for deploying an unmanned vehicle base station (BS) are provided. One method may include receiving an indication from at least one device of its capability to switch to a temporary cell of an unmanned vehicle base station (BS), and determining, based on knowledge of locations on a planned path of the unmanned vehicle base station (BS), which of the at least one device is located within coverage of one of the locations on the planned path. The method may then include configuring discontinuous reception cycles or Power-Saving Mode (PSM) of the at least one device so that the at least one device is awake when the unmanned vehicle base station (BS) establishes the temporary cell.

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for deploying an unmanned vehicle base station (BS) are provided. One method may include receiving an indication from at least one device of its capability to switch to a temporary cell of an unmanned vehicle base station (BS), and determining, based on knowledge of locations on a planned path of the unmanned vehicle base station (BS), which of the at least one device is located within coverage of one of the locations on the planned path. The method may then include configuring discontinuous reception cycles or Power-Saving Mode (PSM) of the at least one device so that the at least one device is awake when the unmanned vehicle base station (BS) establishes the temporary cell.

A framework for a 6.sup.th generation (6G) ubiquitous wireless communications network is provided. A system comprises: a memory that stores executable instructions; and a processor, coupled to the memory, that facilitates execution of the executable instructions to perform operations. The operations comprise: obtaining first information associated with a first condition of a terrestrial radio network of terrestrial radio networks from a terrestrial controller that collects the first information from the terrestrial radio networks; determining second information associated with a resource of a satellite network, wherein the satellite network is integrated with the terrestrial radio networks to form an integrated network to which a mobile device connects, wherein a defined application is alternatively executable at the mobile device via any of a group of networks, the group comprising the satellite network and the terrestrial radio networks; and determining whether to re-assign the defined application from the terrestrial radio network to the satellite network based on a result of evaluating at least the first condition.

Aspects relate to delay management techniques to handle delays introduced by high latency links in non-terrestrial networks for non-access stratum (NAS) mobility management and session management procedures. The NAS timers within the user equipment (UE) and core network utilized for mobility management and session management procedures may be configured with different durations, such as a normal duration, an extended duration, or a reduced duration, based on whether the UE is connected to a terrestrial or non-terrestrial radio access network (RAN), one or more capabilities of the UE, and/or the various RAN types (e.g., terrestrial or non-terrestrial) within a registration area that the UE is located in.

In a terminal roaming steering method, a steering protocol supported by a terminal and a second AP are determined, and the terminal is steered, based on the steering protocol supported by the terminal, to roam from a first AP to the second AP.

In a terminal roaming steering method, a steering protocol supported by a terminal and a second AP are determined, and the terminal is steered, based on the steering protocol supported by the terminal, to roam from a first AP to the second AP.

Systems and methods for broadband failover in land mobile radio networks. One method includes operating a first communication interface of a converged communication device to execute a first communication between the device and a first network using an LMR modality. The method includes determining a plurality of radio communication characteristic values for each of a plurality of sites of the first network and generating a fallback threshold for a home site of the device based on the plurality of radio communications characteristics. The method includes determining whether a current radio communication characteristic value associated with a home site of the device exceeds the fallback threshold, and, when the current radio communication characteristic value does not exceed the fallback threshold, operating a second communication interface of the converged communication device to execute a second communication between the device and a second network using a non-LMR modality.

Systems and methods for broadband failover in land mobile radio networks. One method includes operating a first communication interface of a converged communication device to execute a first communication between the device and a first network using an LMR modality. The method includes determining a plurality of radio communication characteristic values for each of a plurality of sites of the first network and generating a fallback threshold for a home site of the device based on the plurality of radio communications characteristics. The method includes determining whether a current radio communication characteristic value associated with a home site of the device exceeds the fallback threshold, and, when the current radio communication characteristic value does not exceed the fallback threshold, operating a second communication interface of the converged communication device to execute a second communication between the device and a second network using a non-LMR modality.

A handover method and a communication apparatus are provided. The method includes: After sending a handover command to a terminal device, a source network device sends, to a target network device, at least one data packet that is not successfully received by the terminal device, so that after the terminal device accesses the target network device, the target network device sends, to the terminal device, the at least one data packet received from the source network device. Because the data packet forwarded by the source network device to the target network device includes a data packet on which the source network device has performed PDCP processing and for which no acknowledgment response from the terminal device is preceived, a data loss of the terminal device in an inter-system handover process can be effectively avoided.