A method for restoring a wireless backhaul link includes: measuring the signal quality of a first wireless backhaul link between a first new radio (NR) host station being accessed by a NR wireless backhaul base station and the NR wireless backhaul base station; in a case that the signal quality of the first wireless backhaul link is less than a link reselection threshold corresponding to the NR wireless backhaul base station, beginning a new search for an adjacent NR host station; measuring signal quality of a second wireless backhaul link between the NR wireless backhaul base station and a second NR donor base station; and initiating, when the signal quality of the second wireless backhaul link being greater than a first threshold continues a duration exceeding a first time length, a random access request to the second NR donor base station, so as to establish a wireless backhaul link with the second NR donor base station.

Embodiments are directed towards systems and methods for user plane function (UPF) and network slice load balancing within a 5G network. Example embodiments include systems and methods for load balancing based on current UPF load and thresholds that depend on UPF capacity; UPF load balancing using predicted throughput of new UE on the network based on network data analytics; UPF load balancing based on special considerations for low latency traffic; UPF load balancing supporting multiple slices, maintaining several load-thresholds for each UPF and each slice depending on the UPF and network slice capacity; and UPF load balancing using predicted central processing unit (CPU) utilization and/or predicted memory utilization of new UE on the network based on network data analytics.

Systems, methods, and devices include techniques for establishing an enhanced multi-access protocol data unit (PDU) session in a multi-network environment. Various registration procedures may be used to allocate resources between a first network (e.g., a Mobile Network Operator (MNO) and a second network (e.g., a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO). For instance, a method includes sending by a wireless device to a network, indication(s) related to network capabilities of the wireless device. The indication(s) include whether the wireless device supports a multi-access PDU session comprising a first PDU session and a second PDU session. The first PDU session is established via a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access the second PDU session is established via a first non-3GPP. The indication(s) include whether the wireless device supports an enhanced multi-access PDU session comprising a third PDU session, wherein the third PDU session is established via a second non-3GPP access.

A method for controlling an execution (signalling) of a non-3.sup.rd generation partnership project (3GPP) interworking function (N3IWF) is provided. The method includes splitting a signalling of a N3IWF into a control plane signalling and a user plane signalling, where the control plane signalling is handled by an N3IWF-C device and the user plane signalling is handled by an N3IWF-U device. Further, the method includes adding the E10 interface between the N3IWF-C device and the N3IWF-U device. Further, the method includes monitoring the E10 interface, whereas the E10 interface includes an E10AP. The N3IWF-C device and the N3IWF-U device enables a plurality of services between the N3IWF-C device and the N3IWF-U device. The plurality of services includes an interface management service, a bear management service, a trace management service, and a load management service.

An information transmission method includes: receiving, by a network element selector from a user equipment (UE), a first message including identification information of the UE; determining, based on the identification information of the UE, a user group to which the UE belongs; determining a controller corresponding to the user group; and receiving and sending a further message to the controller.

In the present disclosure, a first node performs buffer status reporting including information regarding a total amount of UL data. The first node determines the total amount of UL data for the buffer status reporting based on an amount of UL data for which the UL resources are actually allocated to the second node by the first node.

In the present disclosure, a first node performs buffer status reporting including information regarding a total amount of UL data. The first node determines the total amount of UL data for the buffer status reporting based on an amount of UL data for which the UL resources are actually allocated to the second node by the first node.

Embodiments are directed towards systems and methods for user plane function (UPF) and network slice load balancing within a 5G network. Example embodiments include systems and methods for load balancing based on current UPF load and thresholds that depend on UPF capacity; UPF load balancing using predicted throughput of new UE on the network based on network data analytics; UPF load balancing based on special considerations for low latency traffic; UPF load balancing supporting multiple slices, maintaining several load-thresholds for each UPF and each slice depending on the UPF and network slice capacity; and UPF load balancing using predicted central processing unit (CPU) utilization and/or predicted memory utilization of new UE on the network based on network data analytics.

A wireless communication method and device are provided. The method includes: receiving, by a terminal device, first indication information indicating that the terminal device and a first Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) are capable of interworking with each other. With the first indication information, the terminal device and the first PLMN can interwork with each other. That is, with the first indication information, the terminal device can access an IMS in the first PLMN. It is possible to not only enable the terminal device in an NPN to be connected to the IMS, but also avoid separate deployment of the IMS in the NPN, such that the network deployment cost and system complexity can be reduced.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless node may establish a connection with a base station. The wireless node may provide, to the base station, an indication that the wireless node has backhauling capability. The wireless node may receive a backhauling configuration from the base station over the connection after providing the indication that the wireless node has backhauling capability. Numerous other aspects are described.