A power supply unit for an aerosol inhaler includes: a first series circuit; a second series circuit connected in parallel with the first series circuit; a first operational amplifier including a non-inversion input terminal connected to one of a first node and a second node, and an inversion input terminal connected to the other of the first node and the second node; and an adjustment circuit connected to the first operational amplifier and configured to prevent a differential input value of the first operational amplifier from being equal to a potential of a negative power supply terminal of the first operational amplifier or a minimum value acquirable by the first operational amplifier, in a state where a potential of the node connected to the non-inversion input terminal is less than a potential of the node connected to the inversion input terminal.

A wheel bearing hub heater storage device is disclosed. The storage device may include a base portion defined by a base surface and a mounting surface opposite the base surface, the mounting surface including an aperture configured to receive and store a wheel bearing hub heater device. An electrical receptacle may receive an electrical plug of the wheel bearing hub heater device while the wheel bearing hub heater device is received in the aperture of the mounting surface. An electric circuit may supply current to the wheel bearing hub heater device to power a heating element of the wheel bearing hub heater device. An enclosure device movably mounted around the aperture may receive the wheel bearing hub heater device in the aperture in an open state and may enclose the wheel bearing hub heater device in the aperture in a closed state.

A power supply unit for an aerosol inhaler includes: a first series circuit; a second series circuit connected in parallel with the first series circuit; a first operational amplifier including a non-inversion input terminal connected to one of a first node and a second node, and an inversion input terminal connected to the other of the first node and the second node; and an adjustment circuit connected to the first operational amplifier and configured to prevent a differential input value of the first operational amplifier from being equal to a potential of a negative power supply terminal of the first operational amplifier or a minimum value acquirable by the first operational amplifier, in a state where a potential of the node connected to the non-inversion input terminal is less than a potential of the node connected to the inversion input terminal.

A power converter system includes an input rectifier configured to rectify a line power having a line energy and a full-bridge isolating converter comprising a transformer, where the full-bridge isolating converter is configured to generate an isolated output voltage based on the rectified line power, and where the isolated output voltage is electrically isolated from the line energy. The power converter system includes a power controller configured to operate the full-bridge isolating converter to generate the isolated output voltage, determine whether the transformer is operating in a flux walk state based on an electric current of the transformer, and perform a corrective action in response to the transformer operating in the flux walk state.

A static plate heating arrangement includes a faceplate including a port extending from an exterior surface of the faceplate to an interior surface of the faceplate, a fixed resistance heater in thermal communication with the interior surface and surrounding the port, and a self-regulating heater in thermal communication with the interior surface and surrounding the fixed resistance heater. The fixed resistance heater and the self-regulating heater are electrically connected in series.

A power converter system provides adjustable power to a heater and includes an input rectifier and a full-bridge isolating converter. The input rectifier is configured to rectify a line power having a line energy. The full-bridge isolating converter configured to generate an isolated output voltage based on the rectified line power. The isolated output voltage is electrically isolated from the line energy.

An electric heating device having a multiplicity of electric heating elements, wherein the respective electric heating element has a first electric contact element and a second electric contact element and at least one heater, wherein the first and second electric contact elements achieve electrical contacting of the at least one electric heater, additionally having a first voltage connection element and a second voltage connection element, additionally having first switching elements and having second switching elements, wherein pairs of two electric heating elements are each wired such that two first electric contact elements in each case of the two electric heating elements can be switchably connected to the first voltage connection element by one of the first switching elements and one of the second contact elements in each case of the pairs can be switchably connected to the second voltage connection element by means of a second switching element.

A method, equation, system, and device for electrically heating Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and other transparent conductive materials having a uniform sheet resistivity for defogging and de-icing in a cold environment. The use of nonparallel busbars for connecting the conductive materials reduces excessive and dangerous hot zones. The mathematical analysis and equations provide a means of precisely providing an intermittent electrical connection so that the Watt density and heating is uniform, allowing much higher temperature for de-icing and defogging and more efficient use of energy. This same concept can be used for three dimensional formed heaters to compensate for non uniform sheet resistivity. Also shown are a means of improved busbar designs and an equation and a means of altering sheet resistivity to produce electric heaters with non parallel busbars of various shapes for uniform heating and Watt density.

The present invention relates to a heating device for a motor vehicle with a dual-voltage vehicle electrical system. The heating device is operated with a power supply from the sub-system with the higher nominal voltage (for example 48 V), but actuated by a control device in the sub-system with the lower nominal voltage (for example 12 V). For this purpose, the heating device has a supply connection in the sub-system with the higher nominal voltage and a control connection in the sub-system with the lower nominal voltage. The control connection is disposed in particular on a control device which is integrated into the heating device and which is connected to a control connection of a switching element (power semiconductor) for controlling the heating device via a capacitive separating element in order to ensure potential isolation of the two sub-systems.

An ohmic heater has a structure (20) defining a flow path extending in a downstream direction (D), a first pair of electrodes (34a,34b) and a second pair of electrodes (36a,36b). The electrodes of each pair are adjacent one another in the downstream direction but spaced from one another in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction; the pairs of electrodes are spaced apart from one another in the downstream direction. An electrical circuit (40,42,44,46,48,50) is operative to apply a voltage (i) between the electrodes (34a,34b) of the first pair; or (ii) between the electrodes (36a,36b) of the second pair; or (iii) between at least one electrode (34a) of the first pair and at least one electrode (36b) of the second pair, and may vary the applied voltage. The heater can meet varying conditions such as changes in conductivity of the liquid flowing through the heater.