A ceramic heater includes a ceramic plate in which inner circumferential side and outer circumferential side resistance heating elements are built in; and a cylindrical shaft joined to a rear surface of the ceramic plate. The long hole extends from a start point of the ceramic plate to a terminal position of the outer circumferential portion of the ceramic plate. The entrance portion of the long hole is a long groove. The long groove is provided to extend from the start point to an extended area. Terminals are provided at positions other than the long groove and in a shaft inside area.

A ceramic heater includes a ceramic plate in which inner circumferential side and outer circumferential side resistance heating elements are built in; and a cylindrical shaft joined to a rear surface of the ceramic plate. The long hole extends from a start point of the ceramic plate to a terminal position of the outer circumferential portion of the ceramic plate. The entrance portion of the long hole is a long groove. The long groove is provided to extend from the start point to an extended area. Terminals are provided at positions other than the long groove and in a shaft inside area.

A cooking grill utilizes at least one resistive heating element below a cooking grate and radiating heat to the cooking grate when a voltage is applied thereto. A first power source provides an alternating current, and a second power source provides a direct current. First and second power sources provide voltage to the at least one resistive heating element individually or simultaneously.

A cooking grill utilizes at least one resistive heating element below a cooking grate and radiating heat to the cooking grate when a voltage is applied thereto. A first power source provides an alternating current, and a second power source provides a direct current. First and second power sources provide voltage to the at least one resistive heating element individually or simultaneously.

A structural body (2, 2A to 2E) according to the present disclosure includes a base (10, 10D, 10E), a first electrode layer (111), a second electrode layer (112), a first via conductor (131), a second via conductor (132), and a connection conductor (133). The base (10, 10D, 10E) is composed of a ceramic. The first electrode layer (111) and the second electrode layer (112) are located inside the base (10, 10D, 10E). The first via conductor (131) and the second via conductor (132) are located inside the base (10, 10D, 10E) and connect the first electrode layer (111) and the second electrode layer (112). The connection conductor is located inside the base (10, 10D, 10E), and connects the first via conductor and the second via conductor.

Structures (2, 2A to 2P) according to the present disclosure have respective bases (10, 10A), electrode layers, and terminals. The bases (10, 10A) are made of a ceramic. The electrode layers (111, 111C, 111D, 111F, 111M, 111N, 111O) are located inside the respective bases (10, 10A). The terminals (41, 41G, 41H, 41I, 41J, 41K, 41L) are electrically connected to the respective electrode layers (111, 111C, 111D, 111F, 111M, 111N, 111O) at respective tip portions of the terminals. Further, the terminals (41, 41G, 41H, 41I, 41J, 41K, 41L) are in contact with the respective electrode layers (111, 111C, 111D, 111F, 111M, 111N, 111O) at respective tip surfaces and side surfaces of the terminals.

A liquid cooling heat dissipation substrate structure with partial compression reinforcement is provided. The liquid cooling heat dissipation substrate structure with partial compression reinforcement includes a heat dissipation base that integrally has a heat dissipation main structure and a compression reinforcement structure. The heat dissipation main structure and the compression reinforcement structure are formed through different processes. The heat dissipation main structure and the compression reinforcement structure have different metallographic microstructures. Crystallites of the metallographic microstructure of the heat dissipation main structure are not all arranged in one specific direction, and crystallites of the metallographic microstructure of the compression reinforcement structure are stacked and arranged in a direction that is perpendicular to a compression direction.

A liquid cooling heat dissipation substrate structure with partial compression reinforcement is provided. The liquid cooling heat dissipation substrate structure with partial compression reinforcement includes a heat dissipation base that integrally has a heat dissipation main structure and a compression reinforcement structure. The heat dissipation main structure and the compression reinforcement structure are formed through different processes. The heat dissipation main structure and the compression reinforcement structure have different metallographic microstructures. Crystallites of the metallographic microstructure of the heat dissipation main structure are not all arranged in one specific direction, and crystallites of the metallographic microstructure of the compression reinforcement structure are stacked and arranged in a direction that is perpendicular to a compression direction.

The invention relates to heat engineering, power engineering and the field of electric heating of liquids, water for instance; it can be used in circulation water heating systems and hot water supply, and as a universal device for diverse electric heaters. An object of the invention are to enhance the ease of fabrication, fabricability, and operability for block electrodes and electrode heating boilers on the whole, to increase the reliability of device both in static and dynamic modes ones. The invention meets an object of extended performance capabilities, versatility and flexibility of the device, potential diversification and enhancement of adaptability in solving particular problems. Moreover, the invention allows improvement of convection in water heating boilers and reduction of uniformity of sludge and rust deposition on electrodes thus increasing the heater effective performance time. The invention object comprises an improvement of protection against breakdowns between the electrodes as well, phase current load imbalance reduction, electrode protection against non-uniform deformation during operation in dynamic conditions. It is also an object of the invention to extend i the range of constructional capacity control without design and dimensional changes. FIG. 2 provides a schematic of electrodes (1) arrangement on the basis (3) located on the inner case (2) side with electrodes (1) slightly deviating from the longitudinal symmetric axis of the case (2) and irregularly spaced on the basis, electrode longitudinal axes deviating from each other at small angles. (4)—outer electrode terminals (1).

A heat generating element includes at least one PTC element, contact sheets flatly lying against the PTC element on either side, a housing which forms at least one opening for receiving the at least one PTC element and which has a terminal side at which contact tongues allocated to the contact sheets are exposed. The device also has a wedge element with a broader and a narrower end face which are connected to each other via first and second wedge surfaces, the first wedge surface extending in parallel to one of the contact sheets and lying against it with a slide plate being inserted, and the second wedge surface being exposed at the outer side of the housing. A heat generating element less susceptible to damages during assembly has a slide plate connected to the housing.