Disclosed herein is a thermal radiation modulation system comprising a first low emissivity layer comprising a plurality of distributed, strain-dependent cracks, the first low emissivity layer comprising a first polymer composite layer and a first mirror-like metal layer with low emissivity covering a surface of the first polymer composite layer; a first elastomer layer bonded to the first low emissivity layer opposite to the mirror-like metal layer; and optionally a first stretchable heater, the first stretchable heater is attached to the first elastomer layer opposite to the first low emissivity layer, wherein a top surface of the first low emissivity layer comprising the mirror-like metal layer has a lower emissivity relative to the first elastomer layer. Methods of making and use of the system are further described.

Disclosed herein is a thermal radiation modulation system comprising a first low emissivity layer comprising a plurality of distributed, strain-dependent cracks, the first low emissivity layer comprising a first polymer composite layer and a first mirror-like metal layer with low emissivity covering a surface of the first polymer composite layer; a first elastomer layer bonded to the first low emissivity layer opposite to the mirror-like metal layer; and optionally a first stretchable heater, the first stretchable heater is attached to the first elastomer layer opposite to the first low emissivity layer, wherein a top surface of the first low emissivity layer comprising the mirror-like metal layer has a lower emissivity relative to the first elastomer layer. Methods of making and use of the system are further described.

An exhaust gas heater for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine includes a carrier arrangement through which exhaust gas can flow in the direction of an exhaust gas heater longitudinal axis. The exhaust gas heater includes at least one heating conductor supported on the carrier arrangement. The at least one heating conductor is made with bent flat material for the provision of a heating conductor profile which is meandering at least in regions thereof. The heating conductor flat end faces are opposite one another and the heating conductor broad sides are opposite one another.

An exhaust gas heater for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine includes a carrier arrangement through which exhaust gas can flow in the direction of an exhaust gas heater longitudinal axis. The exhaust gas heater includes at least one heating conductor supported on the carrier arrangement. The at least one heating conductor is made with bent flat material for the provision of a heating conductor profile which is meandering at least in regions thereof. The heating conductor flat end faces are opposite one another and the heating conductor broad sides are opposite one another.

A flavor inhaler includes a heating element that atomizes an aerosol source and a supply member that has a discharge port for supplying the aerosol source to the heating element. The heating element has a porous structure, and is disposed apart from the discharge port.

A flavor inhaler includes a heating element that atomizes an aerosol source and a supply member that has a discharge port for supplying the aerosol source to the heating element. The heating element has a porous structure, and is disposed apart from the discharge port.

An exhaust gas heating device includes a housing and a heating element arranged in the housing for heating exhaust gases flowing through the housing. The heating element comprises a first and a second connecting region. A power source for supplying electricity to the heating element, comprises a first connecting element, connected to the first connecting region of the heating element, and intended to supply the heating element (18) with electricity, and a second connecting element. The electrical power source comprises a third connecting element that comprises an electrical connector, electrically connecting the second connecting element to the second connecting region of the heating element.

An exhaust gas heating device includes a housing and a heating element arranged in the housing for heating exhaust gases flowing through the housing. The heating element comprises a first and a second connecting region. A power source for supplying electricity to the heating element, comprises a first connecting element, connected to the first connecting region of the heating element, and intended to supply the heating element (18) with electricity, and a second connecting element. The electrical power source comprises a third connecting element that comprises an electrical connector, electrically connecting the second connecting element to the second connecting region of the heating element.

A heater for a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus, the heater includes an AlN ceramic substrate and a heating element embedded inside the AlN ceramic substrate. The AlN ceramic substrate contains O, C, Ti, Ca, and Y as impurity elements, includes an yttrium aluminate phase as a crystal phase, and has a Ti/Ca mass ratio of 0.13 or more, and a TiN phase is not detected in an XRD profile measured with Cu K-α radiation.

Provided is an image forming apparatus including a temperature sensing circuit to which a temperature sensing element is electrically connected, wherein a surface of a heater on a side where the temperature sensing element is provided is in contact with the inner surface of a film, a heating element is provided in a primary side circuit which is electrically connected to a commercial power supply, and the temperature sensing circuit is electrically insulated from both of the primary side circuit and a secondary side circuit which is electrically insulated from the primary side circuit.