An apparatus for temperature-controlling and thawing a temperature-controlled material which is arranged in at least one rigid container, including an openable housing containing a storage chamber for receiving the at least one container, and including a heating device containing a flat heating element which is operatively connected to the at least one container. A storage mat for receiving the at least one container is arranged between the flat heating element and the at least one container.

An apparatus for temperature-controlling and thawing a temperature-controlled material which is arranged in at least one rigid container, including an openable housing containing a storage chamber for receiving the at least one container, and including a heating device containing a flat heating element which is operatively connected to the at least one container. A storage mat for receiving the at least one container is arranged between the flat heating element and the at least one container.

A system such as a vehicle may have windows with one or more conductive layers. The conductive layers may form part of an infrared-light-blocking layer or other layer. The infrared-light-blocking layer or other layer may be formed as a coating on a transparent structural window layer such as an outer or inner glass layer in a laminated window or may be embedded in a polymer layer between the outer and inner layers. Segmented terminals and elongated terminals that may extend past two or more segmented terminals may be coupled to the edges of the conductive layers. Using these terminals, control circuitry can apply localized ohmic heating currents and can make resistance measurements on the conductive layers to detect cracks.

A heating element for resistance welding of thermoplastic components includes an electrically conductive sheet with cut-outs, wherein a ratio of cut-outs to electrically conductive sheet changes at least along a transverse direction of the sheet, so that an electrical resistance of the sheet has a maximum at a center of the sheet. A welding kit includes the heating element and an electrical insulation layer. A method of manufacturing the heating element, and a method of employing the heating element for welding two thermoplastic components to one another are disclosed.

A heating element for resistance welding of thermoplastic components includes an electrically conductive sheet with cut-outs, wherein a ratio of cut-outs to electrically conductive sheet changes at least along a transverse direction of the sheet, so that an electrical resistance of the sheet has a maximum at a center of the sheet. A welding kit includes the heating element and an electrical insulation layer. A method of manufacturing the heating element, and a method of employing the heating element for welding two thermoplastic components to one another are disclosed.

The invention relates to a heat exchanger system, in particular for connection to an internal combustion engine, preferably of a motor vehicle, comprising at least one heat exchanger module, in particular oil-water heat exchanger module (10), and a layer heating module (11), which is mounted or mountable on the heat exchanger module, wherein the layer heating module (11) comprises a substrate, in particular a carrier plate (12), and an electric heating coating (13) applied to the substrate, in particular to the carrier plate (12).

The invention relates to a heat exchanger system, in particular for connection to an internal combustion engine, preferably of a motor vehicle, comprising at least one heat exchanger module, in particular oil-water heat exchanger module (10), and a layer heating module (11), which is mounted or mountable on the heat exchanger module, wherein the layer heating module (11) comprises a substrate, in particular a carrier plate (12), and an electric heating coating (13) applied to the substrate, in particular to the carrier plate (12).

A heater member (1a) includes a support (10), a heating element (20), and at least one pair of power supply electrodes (30). The support (10) is made of an organic polymer and has a sheet shape. The heating element (20) is made of a polycrystalline material containing indium oxide as a main component and in contact with one principal surface of the support (10). The power supply electrodes (30) are in contact with one principal surface of the heating element (20). The heating element (20) has a sheet resistance in the range from 10 to 150 Ω/sq. The heating element (20) has a thickness of more than 20 nm and not more than 200 nm. The internal stress of the heating element (20) as measured by an X-ray stress measurement method is 500 MPa or less.

A heater member (1a) includes a support (10), a heating element (20), and at least one pair of power supply electrodes (30). The support (10) is made of an organic polymer and has a sheet shape. The heating element (20) is made of a polycrystalline material containing indium oxide as a main component and in contact with one principal surface of the support (10). The power supply electrodes (30) are in contact with one principal surface of the heating element (20). The heating element (20) has a sheet resistance in the range from 10 to 150 Ω/sq. The heating element (20) has a thickness of more than 20 nm and not more than 200 nm. The internal stress of the heating element (20) as measured by an X-ray stress measurement method is 500 MPa or less.

Provided is a fine particle generating apparatus outputting usage information, and in particular, a fine particle generating apparatus that generates fine particles through electrical heating and outputs usage information thereof to a user. Also, provided is a fine particle generating apparatus that generates fine particles by determining whether a puff has occurred according to a temperature variation amount per unit time. Also, provided is a fine particle generating apparatus or an aerosol generating apparatus capable of changing puff conditions by controlling a heater. Also, provided is a fine particle generating apparatus that generates fine particles through electrical heating.