An electronic cigarette comprises a main rod body with one end thereof being provided with a suction nozzle and the other end being internally provided with a battery, a one-way valve is provided in the main rod body for providing a gas passage when inhaling gas and shutting off the gas passage The one-way valve comprises a valve seat with two penetrating ends, and a valve core and a valve flap mounted inside the valve seat; the valve seat or the valve core is provided with a gas guide hole; and the valve flap is affixed to an orifice at one end of the gas guide hole and generates elastic deformation corresponding to the operation of inhaling or exhaling gas so as to control the open or closed state of the gas guide hole.

An electronic cigarette comprises a main rod body with one end thereof being provided with a suction nozzle and the other end being internally provided with a battery, a one-way valve is provided in the main rod body for providing a gas passage when inhaling gas and shutting off the gas passage The one-way valve comprises a valve seat with two penetrating ends, and a valve core and a valve flap mounted inside the valve seat; the valve seat or the valve core is provided with a gas guide hole; and the valve flap is affixed to an orifice at one end of the gas guide hole and generates elastic deformation corresponding to the operation of inhaling or exhaling gas so as to control the open or closed state of the gas guide hole.

An object of the present invention is to suppress adhesion of scale to a surface of a ceramic heater that is used for fluid heating. The ceramic heater has a ceramic body and a coating layer. The ceramic body has a heat generation resistor. The coating layer contains glass as a main component and is formed so as to coat a surface of the ceramic body. The coating layer has a function of smoothing the surface of the ceramic body.

An object of the present invention is to suppress adhesion of scale to a surface of a ceramic heater that is used for fluid heating. The ceramic heater has a ceramic body and a coating layer. The ceramic body has a heat generation resistor. The coating layer contains glass as a main component and is formed so as to coat a surface of the ceramic body. The coating layer has a function of smoothing the surface of the ceramic body.

A fluid system of an internal combustion engine is provided with a heating device in a heating chamber. An electric heating element of the heating device is arranged between two holding bodies such that the heating element electrically and thermally contacts a contact section of at least one of the holding bodies. The heating chamber has an inner volume region between the holding bodies and at least one outer volume region arranged on an outer side of the holding bodies. The inner and outer volume regions allow fluid to flow through. The inner volume region has an enlarged section with a first spacing measured between the holding bodies. The holding bodies have a second spacing measured in a region of the contact section. The first spacing is greater than the second spacing at least at a circumferential side of the contact section facing the enlarged section.

A fluid system of an internal combustion engine is provided with a heating device in a heating chamber. An electric heating element of the heating device is arranged between two holding bodies such that the heating element electrically and thermally contacts a contact section of at least one of the holding bodies. The heating chamber has an inner volume region between the holding bodies and at least one outer volume region arranged on an outer side of the holding bodies. The inner and outer volume regions allow fluid to flow through. The inner volume region has an enlarged section with a first spacing measured between the holding bodies. The holding bodies have a second spacing measured in a region of the contact section. The first spacing is greater than the second spacing at least at a circumferential side of the contact section facing the enlarged section.

A heater is provided that includes at least one resistive heating element having a material with a non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile and exhibiting a negative dR/dT characteristic over a predetermined operating temperature range along the profile. The heater can include a plurality of circuits disposed in a fluid path to heat fluid flow.

An exhaust system, especially for an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, includes an exhaust gas-carrying duct (14) and a reactant injection device (20) for injecting reactant (R) into exhaust gas (A) flowing in the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). Downstream of the reactant injection device (20), a mixer device (22) supports the mixing of reactant (R) injected by the reactant injection device (20) with exhaust gas (A) flowing in the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). Downstream of the reactant injection device (20) and upstream of the mixer device (22), a reactant heating device (24) extends in the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). The exhaust gas (A) flows in and reactant (R) injected through the reactant injection device (20) flow around the heating device (24).

An exhaust system, especially for an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, includes an exhaust gas-carrying duct (14) and a reactant injection device (20) for injecting reactant (R) into exhaust gas (A) flowing in the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). Downstream of the reactant injection device (20), a mixer device (22) supports the mixing of reactant (R) injected by the reactant injection device (20) with exhaust gas (A) flowing in the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). Downstream of the reactant injection device (20) and upstream of the mixer device (22), a reactant heating device (24) extends in the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). The exhaust gas (A) flows in and reactant (R) injected through the reactant injection device (20) flow around the heating device (24).

The invention relates to nuclear power, in particular to electric heaters in the safety systems of nuclear reactors of nuclear power plants. The object of the invention is to improve the reliability of nuclear power plants. The technical result is achieved in that the busbar unit is tubular, containing a block of tubular heaters, sealed terminal box, the connection nodes of the power wires to the output tubular heaters, which are combined in groups, the node connecting the wire supply to the output tubular heaters made in the form of a heat-resistant sealed plug bayonet connector, plug which is the output tubular heaters, pins bayonet connections are made on the body of the tubular electric heater, and the grooves of the bayonet connection are made in the form of an inclined profile surface.