A snow removal assembly includes a fluid that may be applied to a support surface. The fluid is comprised of an electrically conductive material. The fluid generates heat when an electrical current is applied to the fluid thereby facilitating the fluid to melt snow on the support surface. A sheet is provided and the sheet may be coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface. The sheet may inhibit the fluid from being abraded from the support surface. A power supply is provided and the power supply may be positioned on the support surface. The power supply is electrically coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface thereby facilitating the fluid to generate heat.

A snow removal assembly includes a fluid that may be applied to a support surface. The fluid is comprised of an electrically conductive material. The fluid generates heat when an electrical current is applied to the fluid thereby facilitating the fluid to melt snow on the support surface. A sheet is provided and the sheet may be coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface. The sheet may inhibit the fluid from being abraded from the support surface. A power supply is provided and the power supply may be positioned on the support surface. The power supply is electrically coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface thereby facilitating the fluid to generate heat.

A photodetector element for receiving radiated light from a surface of a semiconductor wafer loses a detection function because the intensity of the received light exceeds a detection limit while a flash lamp emits light. Measurement is not performed during the above-mentioned period, and the intensity of the radiated light from the surface of the semiconductor wafer is measured after the flash lamp stops emitting light and the photodetector element restores the detection function. Then, the temperature of the surface of the semiconductor wafer heated by irradiation with a flash of light is calculated based on the measured intensity of the radiated light. Accordingly, even in a case where intense irradiation is performed in an extremely short period of time, such as flash irradiation, the flash of light does not act as ambient light, which enables to obtain the surface temperature of the semiconductor wafer.

A heating device including a substrate, at least one heating layer on the substrate, and a power supply electrically connected to the at least one heating layer. The heating layer includes graphene nanomaterials. To form a layer of heating material, a liquid including graphene nanomaterials is applied to the substrate. The liquid is dried to form the at least one heating layer on the substrate. A first electrode and a second electrode are attached to the substrate. A power supply is electrically connected to the at least one heating layer on the substrate via the first electrode and the second electrode. The heating layer produces heat in the presence of power applied to the electrodes.

A heating device including a substrate, at least one heating layer on the substrate, and a power supply electrically connected to the at least one heating layer. The heating layer includes graphene nanomaterials. To form a layer of heating material, a liquid including graphene nanomaterials is applied to the substrate. The liquid is dried to form the at least one heating layer on the substrate. A first electrode and a second electrode are attached to the substrate. A power supply is electrically connected to the at least one heating layer on the substrate via the first electrode and the second electrode. The heating layer produces heat in the presence of power applied to the electrodes.

A snow removal assembly includes a fluid that may be applied to a support surface. The fluid is comprised of an electrically conductive material. The fluid generates heat when an electrical current is applied to the fluid thereby facilitating the fluid to melt snow on the support surface. A sheet is provided and the sheet may be coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface. The sheet may inhibit the fluid from being abraded from the support surface. A power supply is provided and the power supply may be positioned on the support surface. The power supply is electrically coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface thereby facilitating the fluid to generate heat.

A snow removal assembly includes a fluid that may be applied to a support surface. The fluid is comprised of an electrically conductive material. The fluid generates heat when an electrical current is applied to the fluid thereby facilitating the fluid to melt snow on the support surface. A sheet is provided and the sheet may be coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface. The sheet may inhibit the fluid from being abraded from the support surface. A power supply is provided and the power supply may be positioned on the support surface. The power supply is electrically coupled to the fluid when the fluid is applied to the support surface thereby facilitating the fluid to generate heat.

A sealing system for isolating the environment inside a vitrification container from the outside environment comprises a vitrification container with a lid. The lid comprises two or more electrode seal assemblies through which two or more electrodes may be operatively positioned and extend down through the lid into the vitrification container. The electrodes may move axially up and down through the electrode seal assemblies or lock into place. The electrode seal assemblies each comprise a housing having two halves with recessed ring grooves. Sealing rings with a split may be placed into the grooves. Gas galleries may be machined or cast into the housing such that they are adjacent to the ring grooves. The gas galleries distribute gas onto the external faces of the sealing rings causing a change in pressure resulting in the sealing rings compressing onto the electrodes and forming a seal.

A heater comprising: an outer tube having a first thermal expansion coefficient; an inner tube having a second thermal expansion coefficient that is less than the first thermal expansion coefficient, wherein the inner tube is disposed concentrically with the outer tube such that there is a space between the inner and outer tubes; a conductive powder disposed within the space between the inner and outer tubes; and two electrodes in electrical contact with the conductive powder such that when a potential is introduced between the electrodes, the conductive powder functions as a resistive heater whose resistance changes with temperature based on different degrees of thermal expansion of the inner and outer tubes.

A heater comprising: an outer tube having a first thermal expansion coefficient; an inner tube having a second thermal expansion coefficient that is less than the first thermal expansion coefficient, wherein the inner tube is disposed concentrically with the outer tube such that there is a space between the inner and outer tubes; a conductive powder disposed within the space between the inner and outer tubes; and two electrodes in electrical contact with the conductive powder such that when a potential is introduced between the electrodes, the conductive powder functions as a resistive heater whose resistance changes with temperature based on different degrees of thermal expansion of the inner and outer tubes.