The present invention relates to an electrically heatable packed pressure-bearing apparatus for conducting endothermic reactions having an upper (3), middle (1) and lower (3) apparatus section, where at least one pair of electrodes (4, 5) in a vertical arrangement is installed in the middle section (1) and all electrodes are disposed in an electrically conductive solid-state packing (26), the upper and lower apparatus sections have a specific conductivity of 105 S/m to 108 S/m, and the middle apparatus section is electrically insulated against the solid-state packing, wherein the upper and lower apparatus sections are electrically insulated from the middle apparatus section, the upper electrode is connected via the upper apparatus section and the lower electrodes via the lower apparatus section or the electrodes are each connected via one or more connecting elements (10, 16) that are in electrical contact with these sections and the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the upper and lower electrode to the cross-sectional area of the respective current-conducting connecting element or, without use of a connecting element, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the upper and lower electrode to the cross-sectional area of the respective current-conducting apparatus section is 0.1 to 10.

The present invention relates to an electrically heatable packed pressure-bearing apparatus for conducting endothermic reactions having an upper (3), middle (1) and lower (3) apparatus section, where at least one pair of electrodes (4, 5) in a vertical arrangement is installed in the middle section (1) and all electrodes are disposed in an electrically conductive solid-state packing (26), the upper and lower apparatus sections have a specific conductivity of 105 S/m to 108 S/m, and the middle apparatus section is electrically insulated against the solid-state packing, wherein the upper and lower apparatus sections are electrically insulated from the middle apparatus section, the upper electrode is connected via the upper apparatus section and the lower electrodes via the lower apparatus section or the electrodes are each connected via one or more connecting elements (10, 16) that are in electrical contact with these sections and the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the upper and lower electrode to the cross-sectional area of the respective current-conducting connecting element or, without use of a connecting element, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the upper and lower electrode to the cross-sectional area of the respective current-conducting apparatus section is 0.1 to 10.

A system for heating electro-optic media comprises an electro-optic device comprising: a first substrate having first and second surfaces; a second substrate having third and fourth surfaces; a chamber defined between the opposed third surface of the second substrate and the second surface of the first substrate; electro-optic medium in chamber; a first electrode associated with second surface of first substrate; and a second electrode associated with third surface of second substrate; and a circuit in communication with first and second electrodes, comprising: a first EMF source capable of producing a first voltage; a second EMF source capable of producing a second voltage different from the first voltage; a plurality of switches configured to control the application of first and second voltages to the first and second electrodes; and a controller configured to control the switches, the first EMF source, and the second EMF source.

A heating device including a substrate, at least one heating layer on the substrate, and a power supply electrically connected to the at least one heating layer. The heating layer includes graphene nanomaterials. To form a layer of heating material, a liquid including graphene nanomaterials is applied to the substrate. The liquid is dried to form the at least one heating layer on the substrate. A first electrode and a second electrode are attached to the substrate. A power supply is electrically connected to the at least one heating layer on the substrate via the first electrode and the second electrode. The heating layer produces heat in the presence of power applied to the electrodes.

A heating device including a substrate, at least one heating layer on the substrate, and a power supply electrically connected to the at least one heating layer. The heating layer includes graphene nanomaterials. To form a layer of heating material, a liquid including graphene nanomaterials is applied to the substrate. The liquid is dried to form the at least one heating layer on the substrate. A first electrode and a second electrode are attached to the substrate. A power supply is electrically connected to the at least one heating layer on the substrate via the first electrode and the second electrode. The heating layer produces heat in the presence of power applied to the electrodes.

An instant electrode water is provided. The instant electrode water heater comprises a housing for containing water therein with the housing having a water inlet and a water outlet. A plurality of electrode plates is disposed inside the housing. The electrode plates are placed such that the electrode plates are oriented parallel to each other and have a predetermined distance between two successive electrode plates for directing water received at the water inlet through successive channels, with each channel being formed by two successive electrode plates, to the water outlet. A plurality of electric contacts is disposed in the housing such that each electric contact is in a touching relationship with a respective electrode plate for providing AC electric power thereto. Electric control circuitry is connected to the electric contacts for controllably providing electric power thereto. The electrode plates may be contained in an electrode cartridge which is removably disposed in a cavity of the housing. The electric control circuitry may comprise current sense circuitry for providing a current sense signal indicative of an electric power usage of the electrodes. A microcontroller is connected to the current sense circuitry, an AC electric power supply, and a user interface. The microcontroller determines supply of the AC electric power to the electrodes in dependence upon the current sense signal and the user input signal and provides a supply control signal indicative of the supply of the AC electric power to the electrodes to the AC electric power supply.

Disclosed is a system for ohmic heating of a fluid which includes at least one chamber for receiving the fluid and at least two units each including at least one electrode. Each of the at least one electrode is associated to at least one device for galvanic separation. The electrodes of each of the two units are disposed in the chamber at a distance apart from one another and the device for galvanic separation is disposed outside of the chamber. The system also includes at least one frequency inverter that is electrically connected to the at least two electrodeunits for operating the at least two electrodeunits.

Disclosed is a system for ohmic heating of a fluid which includes at least one chamber for receiving the fluid and at least two units each including at least one electrode. Each of the at least one electrode is associated to at least one device for galvanic separation. The electrodes of each of the two units are disposed in the chamber at a distance apart from one another and the device for galvanic separation is disposed outside of the chamber. The system also includes at least one frequency inverter that is electrically connected to the at least two electrodeunits for operating the at least two electrodeunits.

An apparatus includes a first electrode exhibiting a first Seebeck coefficient, a second electrode exhibiting a second Seebeck coefficient greater than the first Seebeck coefficient, and particles between the first and second electrodes exhibiting a third Seebeck coefficient between the first and second Seebeck coefficients. An alternating current power supply is electrically connected to the first and second electrodes. Heat is generated due to the Peltier effect at a junction between the first electrode and the particles and at a junction between the second electrode and the particles. Heat is removed due to the Peltier effect at the junction between the first electrode and the particles and at the junction between the second electrode and the particles. The particles are densified due to heating and cooling phase transitions between a higher-temperature solid phase and a lower-temperature solid phase while compressing the particles.

A main energizing/heating unit has an outer electrode and an inner electrode, and energizes a fool material to be gelatinized by heating and continuously heat-treats it while it is conveyed in a food flow channel. The food flow channel in which the food material flows is formed between the both electrodes. Fed to the food material flowing in the food flow channel by a power supply section is a current in a direction traversing a flow direction of the food material. An inner cooling flow channel is formed in the inner electrode, and cooling liquid is fed to the inner cooling flow channel through a piping.