A heating device (10) for a motor vehicle operating fluid tank, in particular for storing aqueous urea solution, wherein the heating device (10) has two electrical conductors (12, 14), an element (16) made from PTC plastic, which is electrically arranged between the two electrical conductors (12, 14) and is in electrical contact with the two electrical conductors (12, 14), and a shell (18, 20), which protects the electrical conductors and the PTC plastic element (16) from the outside environment (22) at least in some sections, which is characterized in that at least one electrical conductor (12, 14) is made at least in some sections from a metal foil (12, 14), in particular aluminum foil, and that the shell (18, 20) is an insulating surface, in particular a plastic film (18, 20) that is preferably bonded to the metal foil.

Heating device (10), in particular for heating an operating fluid tank of a motor vehicle, preferably a tank for storage of aqueous urea solution, the heating device (10) comprising an electrical resistance heating trace (14) with a heating side (14b), on which, in intended operation, heat is emitted to a fluid to be heated, and the heating side (14b) opposing a carrier side (14a), on which the resistance heating trace (14) faces a mounting supporting it, wherein the resistance heating trace (14) is disposed between a flexible film (16) on its heating side (14b) and a substrate (12), rigid in comparison with the flexible film (16), as the supporting mounting on the carrier side (14a), which is characterized in that the resistance heating trace (14a) is connected to the rigid substrate (12) on the carrier side (14a) without intermediate arrangement of a further film.

The present disclosure relates to systems, apparatuses, and methods for assembling cartridges for aerosol delivery devices. A system may include assembly cells each including an assembly track and assembly carriages that ride thereon and which engage components of partially-assembled cartridges. A transfer apparatus may transfer partially-assembled cartridges between the assembly cells. In another example system, cartridges may be assembled on platforms on a rotary track. The platforms may include assembly grippers with sequentially-opening clamps configured to receive the components of the partially-assembled cartridges. Related methods are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to systems, apparatuses, and methods for assembling cartridges for aerosol delivery devices. A system may include assembly cells each including an assembly track and assembly carriages that ride thereon and which engage components of partially-assembled cartridges. A transfer apparatus may transfer partially-assembled cartridges between the assembly cells. In another example system, cartridges may be assembled on platforms on a rotary track. The platforms may include assembly grippers with sequentially-opening clamps configured to receive the components of the partially-assembled cartridges. Related methods are also provided.

The present invention provides a fine bubble generating apparatus capable of generating fine bubbles efficiently. The present invention includes a fluid flow passage that includes a narrow portion in at least a part thereof, a heating part capable of heating a liquid flowing through the fluid flow passage, and a controlling unit that controls the heating part. The controlling unit controls the heating part to generate film boiling in the liquid to generate ultrafine bubbles.

A heater for use in heating a fluid flow through a passageway is provided that includes a continuous resistive heating element having a predefined shape that is directly exposed to the fluid flow. The predefined shape includes a cross-sectional geometry that provides a required heat distribution, structural strength, and reduced back pressure within the passageway. The predefined shape may include airfoils, while the cross-sectional geometry provides a required heat distribution, structural strength, and reduced back pressure within the passageway.

A heater for use in heating a fluid flow through a passageway is provided that includes a continuous resistive heating element having a predefined shape that is directly exposed to the fluid flow. The predefined shape includes a cross-sectional geometry that provides a required heat distribution, structural strength, and reduced back pressure within the passageway. The predefined shape may include airfoils, while the cross-sectional geometry provides a required heat distribution, structural strength, and reduced back pressure within the passageway.

A method for creating an electric heating source, including a body equipped with one or more housings containing mineral-insulated heating cables. The housings communicate with one or more reservoirs which accept a purely metallic solder material in solid, powder or sheet form. The device is heated in a vacuum degassing plateau, followed by a casting plateau during which the solder melts and fills the housing around the heating cables, resulting in full metal contact between the cables and the body, providing a more uniform temperature and a shorter response time to heating or cooling. Also, a heating source obtained in this manner, including an infrared faired source or an immersion heater for the heating of a liquid bath of molten metal.

Devices, systems, and apparatuses for heating a liquid are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a heater includes a base comprising a generally planar surface and at least two heater pillars and a sensor pillar configured on the base. The at least two heater pillars each comprise heating elements. The sensor pillar includes a thermal sensor. A mixing element is configured on the generally planar surface of the base and is coupled to a mixing motor. When powered, the heating elements of the heater pillars are configured to generate heat and the mixing motor is configured to cause the mixing element to rotate.

A system for the production of molten salt. The system can have a preparation tank configured to melt raw salts, and a bubbler system in communication with the preparation tank. The bubbler can be configured to maintain vacuum conditions within the preparation tank and to remove gases from the preparation tank. A method for producing molten salt includes a step of providing a system for the production of molten salt. The system can have a preparation tank configured to melt raw salts, and a bubbler system in communication with the preparation tank. The bubbler can be configured to maintain vacuum conditions within the preparation tank and to remove gases from the preparation tank. Then, the method can include inserting raw salt into the preparation tank, and heating the raw salt to form molten salt. Then filtering the molten salt, and storing the molten salt.