An apparatus 300 for simulating a pulsed pressure induced cavitation technique (PPCT) from a pressurized working fluid (F) provides laboratory research and development for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), oil, and gas wells. A pump 304 is configured to deliver a pressurized working fluid (F) to a control valve 306, which produces a pulsed pressure wave in a test chamber 308. The pulsed pressure wave parameters are defined by the pump 304 pressure and control valve 306 cycle rate. When a working fluid (F) and a rock specimen 312 are included in the apparatus, the pulsed pressure wave causes cavitation to occur at the surface of the specimen 312, thus initiating an extensive network of fracturing surfaces and micro fissures, which are examined by researchers.

The resistance method is a process for conditioning of an electric current and subjecting it to manipulated resistance levels to cause an effect on a substance as the current passes through. The method has two basic functions. One is to condition the electric current. This takes place during the series of steps that manipulate the frequency, voltage, and amps to provide a combination suitable for a predetermined threshold or action. The other is to manipulate the resistance of a substance. This is done by manipulating the atmospheric pressure, pH, salinity, and temperature of the substance, all of which takes place in a reactor. The reactor provides an isolated, enclosed environment for the manipulation to take place. The method also utilizes an electronic control system. The electronic control system simultaneously measures and manipulates the variables of the process, thereby creating an environment within the reactor that either increases or decreases the amount of resistance to which the electric current is subjected.

The resistance method is a process for conditioning of an electric current and subjecting it to manipulated resistance levels to cause an effect on a substance as the current passes through. The method has two basic functions. One is to condition the electric current. This takes place during the series of steps that manipulate the frequency, voltage, and amps to provide a combination suitable for a predetermined threshold or action. The other is to manipulate the resistance of a substance. This is done by manipulating the atmospheric pressure, pH, salinity, and temperature of the substance, all of which takes place in a reactor. The reactor provides an isolated, enclosed environment for the manipulation to take place. The method also utilizes an electronic control system. The electronic control system simultaneously measures and manipulates the variables of the process, thereby creating an environment within the reactor that either increases or decreases the amount of resistance to which the electric current is subjected.

An outer lid for an arc furnace includes an outer lid formed from copper or a copper alloy. The outer lid also includes electrode ports, an off-gas chute, and a charge chute. Cooling circuits are present within the outer lid. The bottom surface of the outer lid is exposed to the internal volume of a crucible, and promotes accretion of slag, which can act as a heat barrier.

An outer lid for an arc furnace includes an outer lid formed from copper or a copper alloy. The outer lid also includes electrode ports, an off-gas chute, and a charge chute. Cooling circuits are present within the outer lid. The bottom surface of the outer lid is exposed to the internal volume of a crucible, and promotes accretion of slag, which can act as a heat barrier.

An electrical discharge, suitable for heating optical fibers for processing, is made in a controlled partial vacuum, such that saturation of available ionizable gas molecules is reached. The workpiece temperature is thereby made to be a stably controlled function of the absolute air pressure and is insensitive to other conditions. A system and method accomplishing the foregoing are provided.

Electrode vibration detection modules (EVDM) and methods of detecting vibration of an electrode of an electric arc furnace (EAF) using an EVDM are provided, in which the EVDM receives and/or ascertains waveform signals corresponding to voltage values and current values associated with an electrode voltage measured between the electrode and the bottom of the EAF shell (electrode voltage) and the electrical current passing through the electrode and is configured to identify conditions for electrode vibration based, at least in part, on the waveform signals and to trigger an alarm and/or modify the operation of the EAF by adjusting the location of the electrode in the EAF.

A method for operating an electric arc furnace having at least one electrode, the method including the following steps: introducing material that is to be melted in the form of an actual mass flow into the electric arc furnace and feeding electrical energy via at least one electrode into the electric arc furnace in order to melt the introduced material depending on a previously determined, necessary electrical energy input. The necessary electrical energy input into the arc furnace is determined depending on the mass flow input into the furnace.

A plasma heater includes a plasma heating section, an exhaust wasteheat heating section, a gas circulation pump, a water cooling system, and a treatment tank for waste gas and waste water. Flames emitted by plasma torches of plasma generators are directly sprayed onto first water pipes for heating. Exhaust generated after combustion of the plasma torches flows through the tail gas residual heat heating section in the metal cylindrical casing, then flows out of the metal cylindrical casing to enter the gas circulation pump, and flows back into the plasma generators through the gas circulation pump for recycling. After the circulating exhaust operates for more than 10 minutes, the discharged waste gas and waste liquid enter the recovering treatment tank.

Modular smoking devices that generate vapors of certain materials, such as tobacco or cannabis are disclosed. The technology provides for intelligent ignition, combustion, or vaporization of given material at the appropriate temperatures that prevent generation of harmful and unwanted byproducts. According to one embodiment, the modular smoking device comprises a self-contained combustion chamber to hold the material, a combustion mechanism integrated with the self-contained combustion chamber, and an energy source, such as a rechargeable battery, to power the combustion mechanism. The combustion mechanism is configured to provide targeted combustion of the material, where the active ingredients generated upon the combustion are consumed by inhaling a smoke or vapor resulting from the combustion or vaporization. The self-contained combustion chamber includes a lighterless combustion mechanism such as a piezoelectric lighter or a Tesla coil lighter that is designed to arc an electric discharge through the material in the self-contained combustion chamber.