An organic electronic device comprising at least one hole-transport material and/or at least one electron/exciton blocker material, wherein said at least one hole-transport material and/or said at least one electron/exciton blocker material is an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands; a hole transport layer or an electron/exciton blocking layer, comprising at least one Ir metal-carbene complex, comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands; an apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, units in items of clothing, units in furniture and units in wallpaper, comprising the organic electronic device of the present invention or the hole transport layer or the electron/exciton blocking layer of the present invention; and the use of an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands according to the present invention as hole-transport material and/or electron/exciton blocker material.

An organic electronic device comprising at least one hole-transport material and/or at least one electron/exciton blocker material, wherein said at least one hole-transport material and/or said at least one electron/exciton blocker material is an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands; a hole transport layer or an electron/exciton blocking layer, comprising at least one Ir metal-carbene complex, comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands; an apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, units in items of clothing, units in furniture and units in wallpaper, comprising the organic electronic device of the present invention or the hole transport layer or the electron/exciton blocking layer of the present invention; and the use of an Ir metal-carbene complex comprising one, two or three specific bidentate azabenzimidazole ligands according to the present invention as hole-transport material and/or electron/exciton blocker material.

An organic electroluminescent element including a substrate, a pair of electrodes including an anode and a cathode, disposed on the substrate, and at least one organic layer including a light emitting layer, disposed between the electrodes, in which at least one kind of compound represented by the following general formula is contained in any layer of the at least one organic layer, is an organic electroluminescent element, in which the generation of dark spots during driving is inhibited:

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An organic electroluminescent element including a substrate, a pair of electrodes including an anode and a cathode, disposed on the substrate, and at least one organic layer including a light emitting layer, disposed between the electrodes, in which at least one kind of compound represented by the following general formula is contained in any layer of the at least one organic layer, is an organic electroluminescent element, in which the generation of dark spots during driving is inhibited:

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A vapor deposition method includes a fixing step for fixing a vapor deposition mask on a mask frame, a lifting step for mounting a substrate on the vapor deposition mask and lifting the mask frame to bring the substrate into contact with a touch plate disposed above the mask frame, and a measurement step for measuring a thickness of the mask frame. The lifting step includes determining a lifting amount of the mask frame on the basis of the thickness of the mask frame measured by the measurement step.

In a display device, a defective subpixel has one region being a non light-emitting region conforming to the planar shape of conductive foreign matter and the other region being a light-emitting region. The display device includes a cathode electrode provided commonly to a plurality of red pixels, green pixels, and blue pixels. In the defective subpixel, the cathode electrode has a light emission corresponding portion and a non light emission corresponding portion that are not electrically connected with each other.

In a display device, a defective subpixel has one region being a non light-emitting region conforming to the planar shape of conductive foreign matter and the other region being a light-emitting region. The display device includes a cathode electrode provided commonly to a plurality of red pixels, green pixels, and blue pixels. In the defective subpixel, the cathode electrode has a light emission corresponding portion and a non light emission corresponding portion that are not electrically connected with each other.

A transport device moves a sheet member supported by adsorption portions to a space above a second table being a transport destination, and moves the adsorption portions in a direction of approaching the second table by reducing a speed gradually or stepwisely so as to bring the sheet member into contact with the second table. With this, a transport speed of the sheet member is improved, and air is prevented from entering a space between the sheet member and the table being a transport destination.

An ink drying process includes exhausting gas from atmosphere surrounding a substrate and drying ink through placing the substrate in a predefined pressure or less to form organic functional layers. Exhausting of gas includes: reducing, during a first period, pressure of the atmosphere from standard atmospheric pressure to a first pressure higher than vapor pressure of solvent having the highest vapor pressure among solvents of the ink; and subsequently reducing, during a second period, the pressure of the atmosphere to a second pressure lower than vapor pressure of solvent having the lowest vapor pressure among the solvents. Where pressure of the atmosphere is 10.sup.x Pa (X indicating a real number), a change amount average of X per unit time has a greater absolute value during the second period than during the first period.

A deposition mask according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a mask main body including a pattern portion formed with a pattern opening, and a frame portion surrounding the pattern portion; a mask frame supporting the frame portion of the mask main body; and an intermediate member having a shape corresponding to the mask frame, the intermediate member being disposed between the mask main body and the mask frame. The mask main body and a first face of the intermediate member are joined together, and the mask frame and a face of the intermediate member on the side opposite to the first face are joined together.