The present invention relates to certain fluorenes, to the use of the compounds in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising at least one of these compounds. The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the compounds and to a formulation and composition comprising one or more of the compounds.

The disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for preventing oxidation or contamination during a circuit printing operation. The circuit printing operation can be directed to OLED-type printing. In an exemplary embodiment, the printing process is conducted at a load-locked printer housing having one or more of chambers. Each chamber is partitioned from the other chambers by physical gates or fluidic curtains. A controller coordinates transportation of a substrate through the system and purges the system by timely opening appropriate gates. The controller may also control the printing operation by energizing the print-head at a time when the substrate is positioned substantially thereunder.

The disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for preventing oxidation or contamination during a circuit printing operation. The circuit printing operation can be directed to OLED-type printing. In an exemplary embodiment, the printing process is conducted at a load-locked printer housing having one or more of chambers. Each chamber is partitioned from the other chambers by physical gates or fluidic curtains. A controller coordinates transportation of a substrate through the system and purges the system by timely opening appropriate gates. The controller may also control the printing operation by energizing the print-head at a time when the substrate is positioned substantially thereunder.

A display apparatus with high resolution or high definition is provided. The display apparatus includes a first light-emitting device, a second light-emitting device, a first insulating layer, a first color conversion layer, and a second color conversion layer; the first light-emitting device includes a first pixel electrode, a first light-emitting layer over the first pixel electrode, and a common electrode over the first light-emitting layer; the second light-emitting device includes a second pixel electrode, a second light-emitting layer over the second pixel electrode, and the common electrode over the second light-emitting layer; the first insulating layer covers side surfaces of the first pixel electrode, the second pixel electrode, the first light-emitting layer, and the second light-emitting layer; the first color conversion layer is positioned overlapping with the first light-emitting device; the second color conversion layer is positioned overlapping with the second light-emitting device; the first light-emitting device and the second light-emitting device each have a function of emitting blue light; and the first color conversion layer has a function of converting blue light into light with different wavelengths from the second color conversion layer.

A high-resolution or high-definition display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a first light-emitting device, a second light-emitting device, a first insulating layer, and a first layer. The first light-emitting device includes a first pixel electrode, a first light-emitting layer over the first pixel electrode, and a common electrode over the first light-emitting layer; the second light-emitting device includes a second pixel electrode, a second light-emitting layer over the second pixel electrode, and the common electrode over the second light-emitting layer; the first light-emitting layer covers the side surface of the first pixel electrode; the second light-emitting layer covers the side surface of the second pixel electrode; the first layer is positioned over the first light-emitting layer; in a cross-sectional view, one end portion of the first layer is aligned or substantially aligned with an end portion of the first light-emitting layer and the other end portion of the first layer is positioned over the first light-emitting layer; the first insulating layer covers the top surface of the first layer, the side surface of the first light-emitting layer, and the side surface of the second light-emitting layer; and the common electrode is positioned over the first insulating layer.

A high-resolution display apparatus is provided. A display apparatus having a high aperture ratio is provided. The display apparatus includes a first light-emitting element and a second light-emitting element. In the first light-emitting element, a first pixel electrode, a first light-emitting layer, and a common electrode are stacked in this order. In the second light-emitting element, a second pixel electrode, a second light-emitting layer, and the common electrode are stacked in this order. A first layer and a second layer are included in a region between the first light-emitting element and the second light-emitting element. The first layer overlaps with the second light-emitting layer and includes the same material as the first light-emitting layer. The second layer overlaps with the first light-emitting layer and includes the same material as the second light-emitting layer. An end portion of the first light-emitting layer and an end portion of the first layer are provided to face each other in the region between the first light-emitting element and the second light-emitting element. An end portion of the second light-emitting layer and an end portion of the second layer are provided to face each other in the region between the first light-emitting element and the second light-emitting element.

A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to the disclosure includes, in a light-emitting element formation step of forming, on a substrate, a first light-emitting element including a first light-emitting layer, a first light-emitting layer formation step of forming the first light-emitting layer by forming a layered body obtained by layering, in order from the substrate side, a lower reversal resist layer, a light-emitting material layer containing a light-emitting material of the first light-emitting layer, and an upper layer positive resist, and patterning the layered body.

An organic-inorganic perovskite satisfying E.sub.T<E.sub.T1 and E.sub.S-E.sub.T?0.1 eV has a high emission efficiency. E.sub.S represents the excited singlet energy level in emission of an inorganic component, E.sub.T represents the excited triplet energy level in emission of an inorganic component, E.sub.T1 represents the excited triplet energy level in emission of an organic component.

A first ligand containing one coordinating functional group allowing coordination to a first QD in a first EML patterned region of a first QD film is exchanged with a second ligand containing at least one kind of at least two coordinating functional groups allowing coordination to the first QD, the first QD film in a region other than the first EML patterned region is washed away and removed with a rinse liquid, and thus, the first QD film is patterned.

Provided is a display device using a quantum dot including: a display portion including a plurality of pixels configured to display an image, each of the plurality of pixels including a light-emitting layer including the quantum dot, an anode electrode, and a cathode electrode; and a ligand formed at least in each of the plurality of pixels in an outer peripheral portion from an edge of a sealing layer formed on the display portion. Content of the ligands in the plurality of pixels of the same color is greater in the outer peripheral portion of the display portion than in a center portion of the display portion.