In some embodiments, a light source including a first electrode that includes a projection and a depression, a second electrode including a projection and a depression, an insulating layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a light-emitting element straddling the insulating layer and disposed on the projection of the first electrode and on the projection of the second electrode. In other embodiments, a lighting device including a base that includes a first terminal and a second terminal that are configured to be electrically connected to the light source to supply current to the light-emitting element. In some embodiments, the lighting device is a lighting bulb, and in other embodiments, the lighting device is tube-shaped.

A two-way load control system comprises a power device, such as a load control device for controlling an electrical load receiving power from an AC power source, and a controller adapted to be coupled in series between the source and the power device. The load control system may be installed without requiring any additional wires to be run, and is easily configured without the need for a computer or an advanced commissioning procedure. The power device receives both power and communication over two wires. The controller generates a phase-control voltage and transmits a forward digital message to the power device by encoding digital information in timing edges of the phase-control voltage. The power device transmits a reverse digital message to the controller via the power wiring.

A photoionization detector sensor equipped with a temperature compensating and output adjustable ultraviolet lamp driver for supplying an alternating current signal to the ultraviolet lamp effective to light the ultraviolet lamp with direct current supplied from both a first variable voltage supply circuit and a second temperature sensitive fixed voltage supply circuit, and method of standardizing output of the photoionization detector sensor by adjusting the voltage supplied to the driver by the first variable voltage supply circuit so that future reported values will more closely approximate actual values.

Provided an organic electroluminescent element which is configured to comprise: a substrate; a gas barrier layer that is arranged on the substrate; a smooth layer that is mainly composed of an oxide or nitride of Ti or Zr having an amorphous structure; a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic function layer that is sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode. This organic electroluminescent element is able to achieve a good balance between gas barrier properties and flexibility adequacy.

A driving method includes providing a field emission cathode device. The field emission cathode device includes a cathode electrode, an electron emission layer electrically connected to the cathode electrode, a first gate electrode spaced from the cathode electrode by a first dielectric layer, and a second grid electrode spaced from the first gate electrode by a second dielectric layer. The second dielectric layer has a second opening. A first voltage is supplied to the cathode electrode, a second voltage is supplied to the first gate electrode, and a third voltage is supplied to the second grid electrode, to extract electrons from the electron emission layer to a space formed by the second opening, until the electrons of the space saturate. The third voltage is greater than the second voltage, such that the electrons of the space are emitted through the second grid electrode.

A driving method includes providing a field emission cathode device. The field emission cathode device includes a cathode electrode, an electron emission layer electrically connected to the cathode electrode, a first gate electrode spaced from the cathode electrode by a first dielectric layer, and a second grid electrode spaced from the first gate electrode by a second dielectric layer. The second dielectric layer has a second opening. A first voltage is supplied to the cathode electrode, a second voltage is supplied to the first gate electrode, and a third voltage is supplied to the second grid electrode, to extract electrons from the electron emission layer to a space formed by the second opening, until the electrons of the space saturate. The third voltage is greater than the second voltage, such that the electrons of the space are emitted through the second grid electrode.

An adjustable power supply circuit for a treatment and/or disinfection system using high intensity broad-spectrum pulsed light that includes a capacitor power supply, a capacitor bank connected to the capacitor power supply and a high intensity light source, a trigger circuit including a trigger coil connected to the high intensity light source, and a controller. The capacitor bank includes a plurality of capacitors connected in series and/or in parallel, where the capacitor bank is adjustable to adjust an amount of energy supplied to the high intensity light source. The controller receives input data and controls charging of the capacitor bank by the at least one capacitor power supply to power the high intensity light source at a desired voltage and triggers the trigger circuit to turn on the light source at the desired voltage to strobe pulsed light with an amount of fluence to treat contaminants.

An adjustable power supply circuit for a treatment and/or disinfection system using high intensity broad-spectrum pulsed light that includes a capacitor power supply, a capacitor bank connected to the capacitor power supply and a high intensity light source, a trigger circuit including a trigger coil connected to the high intensity light source, and a controller. The capacitor bank includes a plurality of capacitors connected in series and/or in parallel, where the capacitor bank is adjustable to adjust an amount of energy supplied to the high intensity light source. The controller receives input data and controls charging of the capacitor bank by the at least one capacitor power supply to power the high intensity light source at a desired voltage and triggers the trigger circuit to turn on the light source at the desired voltage to strobe pulsed light with an amount of fluence to treat contaminants.

The present invention provides an ultraviolet-light-radiating device that may irradiate ultraviolet light stably even in a low air pressure environment. To achieve this object, one representative ultraviolet-light-radiating device according to the present invention includes a radiating unit configured to irradiate ultraviolet light, a first detection unit configured to detect a dielectric strength of air in an atmosphere in which the ultraviolet-light-radiating device is disposed; and a control unit configured to control the radiating unit based on the dielectric strength of air detected by the first detection unit.