A method of manufacturing a layered heater includes: applying a dielectric material on a substrate to form a dielectric layer; thermal-spraying a resistive material on the dielectric layer to form a resistive layer on the dielectric layer; forming a plurality of conductive overlays at predetermined locations on the substrate; and forming a plurality of cuts into the resistive layer by laser cutting to form a resistive circuit pattern that overlaps the conductive overlays.

There is disclosed a fluid-transfer article which is suitable for use as part of an aerosol-generating system. The fluid-transfer-article comprises a first region for holding an aerosol precursor and for transferring said aerosol precursor to an activation surface of a second region of said article. The activation surface is disposed at an end of said article configured for thermal interaction with a heater of an aerosol-generation apparatus. At least the second region of the fluid-transfer article is formed from a polymeric wicking material.

A patterned conductor that includes a metal linear conductor positioned on one placement surface that has a main cut surface orthogonal to its longitudinal direction, a plurality of metal crystal grains. In the main cut surface of thereof, a metal crystal grain(s) having a length h.sub.0 along a normal direction to the placement surface, which length is larger than one third of a height H of the linear conductor along the normal direction to the placement surface. A minimum value of a ratio (h.sub.0/w.sub.0), which is a ratio of the length h.sub.0 of the metal crystal grain(s) along the normal direction to the placement surface with respect to a length w.sub.0 along the placement surface, is not less than 1.2.

Provided is an image forming apparatus including a temperature sensing circuit to which a temperature sensing element is electrically connected, wherein a surface of a heater on a side where the temperature sensing element is provided is in contact with the inner surface of a film, a heating element is provided in a primary side circuit which is electrically connected to a commercial power supply, and the temperature sensing circuit is electrically insulated from both of the primary side circuit and a secondary side circuit which is electrically insulated from the primary side circuit.

A sample holder includes: a ceramic body including a one main surface, and a sample holding surface on the one main surface; a heat-generating resistor disposed on an other main surface of the ceramic body; and a plurality of grooves arranged in a lattice on a surface of the heat-generating resistor, the plurality of grooves having extending directions that are different on different portions of the surface of the heat-generating resistor.

A ceramic heater including a heater electrode embedded in a plate made of ceramic, wherein, of the heater electrode, a specific area surrounding portion surrounding a specific temperature area in which temperature of the plate becomes low has a smaller thickness than a normal portion of the heater electrode.

A concrete heating system for electrically melting snow and ice. The concrete heating system generally includes a heating device for embedding in conductive concrete, the device having a spacing member and a plurality of electrically isolated conductors extending outward at an angle from the spacing member along its length. The device also includes a first electrode near the first end of the spacing member, and a second electrode extending outward from the spacing member at the second end. The plurality of conductors conduct an electrical current between the first electrode and the second electrode when the concrete heating device is embedded in conductive concrete and the power source applies a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.

A probe head for an air data probe includes a ceramic body and a heater embedded within the ceramic body.

A method including receiving a model of a composite structure having an inconsistency. The model includes a pre-calculated heating model that specifies areas of the inconsistency for which corresponding different amounts of heating are applied to an uncured composite material that is applied to the inconsistency. A design for heating elements of varying density across the areas is generated from the model. The design is configured to cause the heating elements in a first sub-area of a heat blanket system to generate a first amount of heat in a third area in the areas, and to cause the heating elements in a second sub-area of the heat blanket system to generate a second, different amount of heat in a fourth area of the areas. The heating elements are printed according to the design on a blanket to manufacture the heat blanket system.

An electrostatic chuck includes: a ceramic dielectric substrate; a base plate; and a heater plate. The heater plate includes a first and a second support plates including a metal, a heater element provided between the first and the second support plates, a first resin layer provided between the first support plate and the heater element, and a second resin layer provided between the second support plate and the heater element. A surface of the first support plate on the second support plate side includes a first region and a second region, the first region overlapping the heater element when viewed along the stacking direction, the second region not overlapping the heater element when viewed along the stacking direction. In a cross section parallel to the stacking direction, the second region protrudes toward the second support plate side compared to the first region.