A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) composition having a first thermally active polymer having a melting point of 30-70° C. and providing a first PTC in a lower temperature range below 70° C., and a second thermally active polymer having a melting point of 70-140° C. and providing a second PTC in a higher temperature range above 70° C., the composition also having conductive particles; and an organic solvent with a boiling point higher than 100° C., solvent being capable of dissolving both the first and second thermally active polymer. The PTC composition has two distinct PTC characteristics at the two different temperature ranges.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A system for controlling a multi-zone resistive heater. The system includes a first zone of the multi-zone resistive heater formed from a material having a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) and configured to receive a first power to generate thermal energy. The system further includes a second zone of the multi-zone resistive heater formed from the material having the negative TCR, separated from the first zone by a gap, and configured to receive a second power to generate the thermal energy.

A heating component for insertion into and vaporization of an aerosol-forming medium includes: a shell, provided with a cavity; a heating medium filled in the cavity for heating in an alternating magnetic field; and a temperature control element accommodated in the cavity and for measuring a temperature. In an embodiment, the temperature control element is at least one of a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) element, or a thermocouple.

A honeycomb structure 20 according to the present invention includes: a honeycomb structure portion 10 including: an outer peripheral wall 12; a partition wall 13 arranged on an inner side of the outer peripheral wall 12, the partition wall 13 defining a plurality of cells 16 each extending from one end face to other end face to form a flow path; and a pair of electrode layers 14a, 14b arranged on a surface of the outer peripheral wall 12 of the honeycomb structure portion 10, the pair of electrode layers 14 being provided so as to face each other across a central axis of the honeycomb structure portion 10. The honeycomb structure portion 10 is made of ceramics having an NTC property, and the pair of electrode layers are made of a material having a PTC property.

An article comprising a double-switching heater that comprises a double-switching PTC ink deposited on a flexible substrate to form one or more resistors. The double-switching PTC ink comprises a first resin and a second resin; the first resin provides a first PTC effect within a first temperature range (T1, T2); the second resin provides a second PTC effect within a second temperature range (T3, T4), where T3≥T2; the first resin has an NTC effect above the first temperature range; the second PTC effect is greater than the first PTC effect; and the second PTC effect overlaps with, and is greater than, the NTC effect of the first resin. The substrate can be either thermal polyurethane, nylon or a polyester blend.

An immersion circulator cooking device comprising: a motor for drawing fluid used for cooking past a heating element; a heating element for heating the fluid; a first switching device used in a first power mode for controlling the heating element; a second switching device used in a second power mode for controlling the heating element; a temperature sensor for sensing a sensed device temperature of the first switching device; and a controller for selecting which of the first power mode and second power mode is selected based on the sensed device temperature of the first switching device.

An article comprising a double-switching heater that comprises a double-switching PTC ink deposited on a flexible substrate to form one or more resistors. The double-switching PTC ink comprises a first resin and a second resin; the first resin provides a first PTC effect within a first temperature range (T1, T2); the second resin provides a second PTC effect within a second temperature range (T3, T4), where T3≥T2; the first resin has an NTC effect above the first temperature range; the second PTC effect is greater than the first PTC effect; and the second PTC effect overlaps with, and is greater than, the NTC effect of the first resin. The substrate can be either thermal polyurethane, nylon or a polyester blend.

Heating devices based on self-regulating heating tape for various industries. Heating device comprises a self-regulating heating tape and external metal flexible armor, wherein a metal strip has a longitudinal groove, and the edge of the strip has a flange. The heating tape comprises two conductors which are insulated from each other and placed into a conducting polymer matrix enclosed in a polymer insulating sheath. The heating device has high mechanical strength, high flexibility, tightness, high resistance to external aggressive media, and fire safety.

A heater system for an exhaust system is provided. The heater system includes a heater disposed in an exhaust conduit. The heater includes a plurality of heating elements disposed in the exhaust conduit. A heating control module controls the plurality of heating elements differently according to operating conditions specific to each heating element. In other forms, the heater system for an exhaust system has a plurality of heating zones, instead of a plurality of heating elements. The heating control module controls the plurality of heating zones differently according to operating conditions specific to each heating zone.