A self-regulating heater may comprise a first substrate including a first silicone layer and a first polyimide layer. A positive temperature coefficient heating element may be formed over the first polyimide layer. A second substrate may be located over the positive temperature coefficient heating element. The second substrate may include a second silicone layer and a second polyimide layer.

A method for regulating a heater including at least one heating element having a temperature-dependent electrical resistance is disclosed. The method may include determining, with a regulating unit of the heater, a current heating behaviour of the heating element based on a time profile of the resistance of the heating element. The heating element may exhibit (i) an NTC heating behaviour at temperatures below a transition temperature, (ii) a PTC heating behaviour at temperatures above the transition temperature, and (iii) a transition between the NTC heating behaviour and the PTC heating behaviour at the transition temperature and a resistance minimum. The method may further include determining, with the regulating unit, at least one input parameter for the heating element based on the current heating behaviour. The method may also include regulating, with the regulating unit, the heating element via the at least one input parameter.

A honeycomb structure made of ceramics, wherein the honeycomb structure includes: a borosilicate; and silicon particles doped with at least one dopant, the dopant is a Group 13 element or a Group 15 element, the silicon particles have a dopant amount (A) of 1×10.sup.16 to 5×10.sup.20/cm.sup.3, and the honeycomb structure has a silicon particle content (B) of 30 to 80% by mass.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a heating rod comprises: a first thermal diffusion plate; a ceramic substrate arranged on the first thermal diffusion plate and having a heating element arranged therein; and a second thermal diffusion plate arranged on the ceramic substrate, wherein the first thermal diffusion plate and the second thermal diffusion plate are respectively stacked in a plurality of layers. Since the first thermal diffusion plate and the second thermal diffusion plate are stacked in the plurality of layers, a heating rod having a high thermal efficiency and being capable of fast heating and a vehicular heating device including the same can be obtained.

A positive temperature coefficient electric heater for a vehicle includes a support part, a control circuitry, and a first and a second radiating layers overlapping one another, each radiating layer having a plurality of heating rods extending from the support part and connected in parallel to the control circuitry. Each radiating layer has a first layer sector and a second layer sector controlled independently of one another. The radiating layers may be controlled independently of one another. In the first radiating layer, the second section of the heating rods is capable of generating greater thermal power than the first section of the heating rods and, in the second radiating layer, the first section of the heating rods is capable of generating greater thermal power than the second section of the heating rods.

An electrical heating device comprises: a first electrode layer (13), made of electrically conductive material; a second electrode layer (14), made of electrically conductive material; and a heating layer, made of a material having a PTC effect, wherein the first electrode layer (13) and the second electrode layer (14) face one another, with at least one part of the heating layer that is set between the first electrode layer (13) and the second electrode layer (14), in contact with them. At least one region (21) of the at least one from among the first electrode layer (13), the second electrode layer (14), and said at least one part of the heating layer has a plurality of electrically non-conductive sites (30a, 30b, 30c), which are prearranged for bringing about: —an emission of heat by the heating device (10) in said at least one region (21) that is different from the emission of heat by the heating device (10) in at least one other region (22) of the at least one from among the first electrode layer (13), the second electrode layer (14), and said at least one part (15′) of the heating layer (15); and/or —an emission of heat by the heating device (10) at the first electrode layer (13) that is different from the emission of heat by the heating device (10) at the second electrode layer (14).

Hairstyling devices include one or more heat transmissive elements having a coating disposed thereon, the coating having ceramic and lava rock incorporated therein. The use of lava rock-containing coatings as described herein results in hairstyling devices with heat transmissive elements exhibiting enhanced heat retention, faster heat recovery, and increased ion emission. Furthermore, lava rock-containing coatings have been found more durable than equivalent heat transmissive element coatings that do not have lava rock incorporated therein.

The invention relates to a heating device (3) for a storage container with a urea reducing agent, comprising at least one electrically operatable heating element (6) and a heat distribution element (7) which is thermally coupled to the heating element (6), wherein the heating element (6) has a first heating sub-element (40) which has at least one positive temperature coefficient thermistor (5), and the first heating sub-element (40) is connected to a second heating sub-element (42, 52, 62) which is designed to reduce the dependence of the heat output of the heating device (3) on an electric voltage applied to the heating element (6) in the event of an electric voltage with large values, in particular above 13 volt, so that the heat output dispensed to the thermal conducting element and the surrounding components with plastic encapsulation is not too high.

An air conditioner for a vehicle includes an air conditioning case having a first air passageway and a second air passageway partitioned by a separator therein; a PTC heater disposed in each of the first air passageway and the second air passageway to generate heat by electric energy; and a control unit for controlling operation of the PTC heater. The control unit individually controls discharge temperature of the first air passageway and discharge temperature of the second air passageway of the PTC heater, and if target discharge temperature of the first air passageway and target discharge temperature of the second air passageway are different from each other, the control unit calculates and outputs a compensation value for the PTC heater output of at least one of the first air passageway and the second air passageway. The PTC heater therefore has a reduced output when controlling for dual temperatures.

A method of preventing washer fluid freezing is provided. The method includes performing hose residual washer fluid removal control that removes residual washer fluid of a hose which is a movement path of washer fluid after a spray of the washer fluid by operation of a pump washer fluid device.