A heater panel includes a core and a heater/dielectric layer including a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) heater layer between a pair of dielectric layers. A structural facing is included, wherein the heater/dielectric layer is bonded directly between the core and the structural facing. A second structural facing can be bonded to the core opposite the heater/dielectric layer. An impact layer can be bonded to the structural facing, e.g., the first structural facing described above, opposite the heater/dielectric layer. The heater layer can be formed by direct writing a heating element pattern onto a dielectric layer bonded to the core.

A heated floor panel assembly for aircraft includes an impact layer made from a 2-D or 3-D woven high temperature thermoplastic fiber matrix impregnated with a resin. The impact layer can further include woven metallic fibers. The assembly also includes a stack of structural layers, a heating layer, and a core layer for absorbing shear stress.

A heater panel includes a core. A heater/dielectric layer including a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) heater layer between a pair of dielectric layers is bonded to the core in a stack. An impact layer is bonded to the stack, wherein the impact layer includes a first sub-layer for impact absorption that is bonded to the stack and a second sub-layer for cut resistance bonded to the first sub-layer. The second sub-layer has a higher material hardness than that of the first-sub layer.

A composite panel suitable for heating an environment includes a face sheet having a 3D woven structure and abutting the environment, and a first core layer positioned on a side of the face sheet opposite the environment. The 3D woven structure includes at least one z-fiber extending in a first direction, the first direction representing a thickness of the face sheet. The woven structure further includes a plurality of weft layers, each having a weft fiber extending in a second direction, and a warp layer disposed between the plurality of weft layers, the warp layer having a warp fiber extending in a third direction. The z-fiber extends along the plurality of weft layers across a full extent of the 3d woven structure in the first direction.

A power connector dedicated to a heating film includes: a male connector formed in a rectangular thin plate shape, having a power inlet plug formed as a thin plate-shaped electrode on a right side thereof, having a first electrode for wiring a heating film formed as a thin plate-shaped electrode on an upper side, and having a left side to which a power cable internally wired to the power inlet plug is connected; and a female connector formed in a rectangular thin plate shape, having a right side to which the power cable is connected, having a second electrode for wiring a heating film formed as a thin plate-shaped electrode on a right side thereof, and having a power outlet socket wired to the power inlet plug.

According to the invention there is provided an electrothermic composition comprising: a carbon component; a graphite component having a crystallinity of 99.9% and wherein the graphite is heat treated at a temperature of 2500 C. to 3000 C., and a binder, whereby the composition has a thermal coefficient of electrical resistance (TCR) of 0.0001 to 0.0010 per C. over a temperature range of from about 20 C. to 60 C. in an airborne environment, wherein the ratio of the first conductive component and the second resistor component is selected between 10:1 to 1:10.

Compositions and methods are provided relating to electrothermic nanomaterial compositions for heating surfaces. Heating applications includes for rotomolding. The nanomaterial may include silver nanowires, silver nanoflakes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nano-graphite, and carbon black. The electrothermic composition may also include binders and solvents. Treatment of the electrothermic composition with coupling agents, silicone resin intermediates and binder resins are provided. Methods for producing electrical heating panels and heat generating film sheets are provided. Methods for manufacturing panels, film sheets, preparing surfaces with electrothermic compositions using am multi-layer process are also provided.

A double-switching PTC ink comprises a first resin and a second resin; the first resin provides a first PTC effect within a first temperature range (T1, T2); the second resin provides a second PTC effect within a second temperature range (T3, T4), where T3T2; the first resin has an NTC effect above the first temperature range; the second PTC effect is greater than the first PTC effect; and the second PTC effect overlaps with, and is greater than, the NTC effect of the first resin.

A universal membrane is configured to be installed between a subfloor and floor tiles to allow movement of the floor tiles relative to the subfloor. The universal membrane includes a base layer, a plurality of studs projecting from the base layer, and a plurality of sidewalls projecting from the base layer and disposed between adjacent ones of the plurality of studs. Each sidewall of the plurality of sidewalls forming a perimeter of a pocket. The base layer forms a bottom wall of the pocket.

A support for the heating elements of radiant coverings and floors is disclosed. One example of a support disclosed herein includes bosses having a concave portion. In some examples, defined on the surface of the concave portion is at least one adhering low relief, for example four adhering low reliefs may be provided per concave portion.