A heater and a low-temperature heating smoking set, wherein the heater comprises a base member, a conductive module, and a far infrared coating; the conductive module at least comprises a first conductive portion and a second conductive portion disposed on the base member; an outer side surface of the base member between the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion is coated by the far infrared coating (3); the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion are respectively provided with a first body portion and a second body portion, and a first extension segment and a second extension segment extending along an axial direction of the base member.

In some examples, preheat three-dimensional (3D) printer build material can include a heating plate of a 3D printer to preheat build material from below the build material, where the heating plate is located adjacent to a build platform of the 3D printer, and a heater-spreader carriage of the 3D printer to preheat the build material from above the build material and spread the preheated build material from the heating plate to the build platform.

The invention relates to a heating structure (30) which is intended in particular to be installed inside a passenger compartment of a vehicle, the heating structure (30) comprising at least one resistive layer arranged to release heat when an electric current passes through this layer (36), this panel further comprising art electrode array comprising a plurality of contact electrodes (34) arranged to be in electrical contact with the resistive layer in order to Sallow electric current to flow through this resistive layer.

An infrared heating mechanism and device are provided. The infrared heating mechanism includes infrared heating tubes, wherein a plurality of reflection plates are disposed at intervals in a length direction of the infrared heating tubes, and mounting holes corresponding to the infrared heating tubes are provided on the reflection plates so that the reflection plates are sleeved on side walls of the infrared heating tubes.

A body defines a void and an aperture and has a reflective surface, the void communicating with the aperture and the reflective surface presenting towards the aperture. A structure, adapted to produce infrared radiation, is positioned in the void such that infrared radiation produced by the structure is directed to the aperture. An optical filter is positioned to at least substantially occlude the aperture, the filter being adapted for through passage of the infrared radiation directed to the aperture and further being adapted to restrict the through passage of visible light.

A method of transporting non-volatile bituminous materials from a first location to a second location involves carrying a plurality of irregular bricks formed by the bituminous material in transport chambers carried by vehicles. Bricks are defined by a plurality of non-planar surface, which create gaps between adjacent bricks, and can further include polymer skeletons and other features that help them float. The bricks can travel by land, sea, air, or rail and need not be heated while in transit. Transport chambers have active or preferably passive environmental control systems to circulate cooling air, water, or other substances through the transport chamber and the gaps between adjacent bricks. In a preferred embodiment, ambient air circulates among the bricks during travel by land and ambient water circulates among the bricks during marine travel. The vehicles carrying the transport chambers can be low-emissions or zero-emission vehicles including fuel-cell powered trains and ships.

A substantially solid brick of non-volatile bituminous material has a shape that is defined by an irregular outer surface to minimize surface contact with nearby bricks when shipped in bulk. The overall shape is preferably that of a modified tetrahedron having three non-planar face surfaces, a top surface, and a surface or point. Both the top and bottom surfaces are preferably modified domed shapes comprised of several sections. The face sections are preferably modified concave surfaces comprised of several triangular sections that can be planar, concave, or convex. Curved edges connect the face sections to each other and can include several planar edge sections. The bituminous material can include additives, and the brick can further include a skeleton distributed throughout. The skeleton can be a customizable matrix, framework of fiber groups, or other structure and can include customizable buoyant features such as air pockets or capsules.

A method of preparing non-volatile bituminous material in solid form includes first accessing molds having mold cavities defining an irregularly shaped brick having a plurality of non-planar surfaces and preparing the bituminous material for casting by heating it until it is suitably viscous for casting and optionally blending it with an additive. Then, the molds can be filled with the bituminous materials, preferably using a retractable conduit that progressively fills each mold cavity from its bottom to its top. Next, the bituminous material in the molds is solidified until substantially solid bricks are formed. Optionally, a skeleton with optional additional buoyant features can be placed in each mold cavity prior to casting so that the resulting brick has increased buoyancy throughout, and the skeleton and any buoyant features can be customized according to the needs of the customer. The resulting bricks can be removed for transport.

A melting heater configured to melt joining end surfaces of a pair of semi-molded products in a case where the joining end surfaces are melted and joined to manufacture a molded product, the melting heater including: two glass plates arranged in parallel to each other; and a plurality of element heaters arranged in a unit having a flat plate shape as a whole between the two glass plates, in which the glass plate is subjected to surface processing for controlling infrared rays emitted from the plurality of element heaters.

A substrate processing apparatus includes: a rotary table provided in a processing container; a stage provided on the rotary table to place a substrate thereon, and configured to revolve by a rotation of the rotary table; a heater configured to heat the substrate placed on the stage; and a rotation shaft configured to rotate together with the rotary table and support the stage to be rotatable; and a deflector configured to deflect heating light emitted from the heater toward the rotation shaft.