Provided is a welding joining method for joining end portions of first and second pipes made of polyamide resin by bonding the end portions to each other by pressure in a molten state. The welding joining method includes: a placing step of placing an infrared radiation lamp between the first and second pipes placed to face each other at an interval; a heating and melting step of heating and melting the end portions of the first and second pipes by emitting infrared; and a pressure bonding step of cooling down the molten end portions in a state where the molten end portions are bonded to each other by pressure.

A temperature controlling apparatus includes a platen, a first and a second conduits, and a first and a second outlet thermal sensors. The first conduit includes a first inlet, a first outlet, and a first heater. A first fluid enters the first inlet and exits the first outlet, the first heater heats the first fluid to a first heating temperature, and the first fluid is dispensed on the platen. The second conduit includes a second inlet, a second outlet, and a second heater. A second fluid enters the second inlet and exits the second outlet, the second heater heats the second fluid to a second heating temperature, and the second fluid is dispensed on the platen. The first and the second outlet thermal sensors are respectively disposed at the first and the second outlets to sense temperatures of the first and the second fluid.

The present invention provides a novel method and apparatus for providing radiant heat for a small area. The invention provides the desired warmth, in a small, portable pod that does not produce gaseous odors or unwanted sounds, providing a safe, effective alternative to traditional space heaters.

The present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices, methods of forming such devices, and elements of such devices. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides devices configured for vaporization of an aerosol precursor composition through radiant heating. The radiant heat source may be a laser diode or further element suitable for providing electromagnetic radiation, and heating may be carried out within a radiation-trapping chamber. In some embodiments, an interior of such chamber may be configured as a black body or as a white body.

A heating element for a cooking appliance includes terminals that act as electrically conductive contact points. One or more buses are arranged between the terminals, and connect one or more heating element segments in a zig-zag configuration. The heating element segments are connected in series and are arranged parallel with one another. Each heating element segment includes a plurality of cutouts linked together and having an elliptical shape. The terminals, heating element segments, and buses are a continuous single sheet of conductive material. A method of making the heating element includes forming a pattern into the sheet of conductive material by etching the pattern into the conductive sheet using photolithography.

A method (7) for controlling the temperature of a heating surface (5) of a heating panel (1) suitable for being installed inside a passenger compartment of a vehicle, for example a motor vehicle, this surface (5) being likely to be touched by a passenger in said passenger compartment, the method (7) involving controlling the temperature of said heating surface (5) as a function of at least one item of data representative of the profile of a passenger accommodated in the passenger compartment and/or at least one item of data representative of the heating surface (5) of the heating panel (1). The invention also relates to a corresponding control device (15).

An infrared emitter with a glass lid for emitting infrared radiation comprises a package enclosing a cavity, wherein a first part is transparent for infrared radiation and a second part comprises a glass material and a heating structure configured for emitting the infrared radiation, wherein the heating structure is arranged in the cavity between the first part and the second part of the package.

A temperature controlling apparatus includes a platen, a fluid source that supplies a fluid, a first conduit, a second conduit, and a plurality of outlet thermal sensors. The first conduit includes a first inlet, a first outlet, and a first heater configured to heat the fluid to a first heating temperature. The fluid having the first heating temperature is dispensed on the platen through the first outlet. The second conduit includes a second inlet, a second outlet and a second heater configured to heat the fluid to a second heating temperature different from the first heating temperature. The fluid having the second heating temperature is dispensed on the platen through the second outlet. The outlet thermal sensors are disposed at the first outlet and the second outlet to sense temperature of the fluid dispensed from the first outlet and the second outlet respectively.

A toaster dripping tray is placed within a traditionally configured toaster and removably disposed there beneath. The tray covers the entire bottom of the toaster. When incorporated into a toaster, the normally present dripping channel gate resting above the narrow dripping removal tray is not present.

A substrate fixing device includes: an electrostatic chuck that is configured to adsorb and retain an object thereon, and including a base body on which the object is mounted, and an electrostatic electrode that is provided in the base body; and a base plate on which the electrostatic chuck is mounted, and having a plurality of through holes each exposing a first face of the base body facing the base plate. Laser light is emitted from each of the through holes toward the base body.