A specimen heating apparatus includes a heater unit configured to heat a test specimen held in a material testing machine, a heater holding unit configured to hold the heater unit in a set position relative to the test specimen for heating, a specimen temperature measurement unit attached to the heater unit and configured to measure temperature of the test specimen when the heater unit is in the set position, a temperature controller configured to control heating of the heater unit in response to a temperature measured by the specimen temperature measurement unit, and a thermal insulation unit configured to cover the heater unit, wherein the heater holding unit holds the heater unit in such a way that the heater unit is allowed to be brought to and removed from the set position while the test specimen is being held in the material testing machine.

A high-power heating suit compatible with fast charging mobile power supply includes a suit for users to wear, wherein an inner layer of the suit is arranged with a heating element in the form of a sandwich, a surface of the suit is provided with a removable mobile power supply, and the heating element is equipped with a USB power cord to connect the mobile power supply for power, and the USB power cord adopts a USB connector that supports fast charging protocol identification; the mobile power supply further equipped with an integrated module, a USB charging interface, and a USB power supply interface; the integrated module is embedded inside with a fast charging protocol that supports the USB charging interface and the USB power supply interface; an output power of the heating element can reach up to 28 W, which can reach the temperature making the user feel comfortable.

This electronic cigarette (1) comprises: —a heating element (10) able to vapourize a substrate during a smoking period; —means (30) for measuring an approximation (AUIOMESOO, UIOMESOO) of a characteristic of the voltage (U10(t)) across the terminals of the heating element (10) during this smoking period, said approximation being measured across the terminals (BI, B2) of a circuit (500) no component of which exhibits intrinsic characteristics not disturbed by the inhalations; —means (30) of estimating an approximation (AU10TH(t), UIO-m(t)) of said characteristic of the voltage (U10(t)) across the terminals of the heating element (10) in the absence of inhalation during said smoking period; means (30) of calculating an intensity (F) representative of the intensity of the inhalations during said smoking period on the basis of an integration of the difference between said approximations during said smoking period; and —means (30) of estimating the said quantity of substrate vapourized by the heating element at least on the basis of said intensity.

An aerosol-generating device is provided, including: a cavity configured to receive an aerosol-generating article including an aerosol-forming substrate; a heater configured to heat the aerosol-forming substrate received in the cavity; a power supply; a residue detector for sensing aerosol-forming substrate residue in the cavity or on the heater; and a controller configured to: control a supply of power from the power supply to the heater to heat the aerosol-forming substrate received in the cavity, receive signals from the residue detection means indicative of an amount of aerosol-forming substrate residue in the cavity or on the heater, and determine an indication of the amount of aerosol-forming substrate residue in the cavity or on the heater based on one or more signals received from the residue detection means. An aerosol-generating system and a residue detector device are also provided.

A support pedestal is provided that includes a substrate having a top resistive layer defining a first set of zones and a bottom resistive layer defining a second set of zones. Each zone of the first and second set of zones is coupled to at least two electric terminals from among a plurality of electric terminals, and a total number of electric terminals is less than or equal to a total of the first and second set of zones.

An electrical heating cable with a first power supply conductor, a second power supply conductor, and a third power supply conductor. Each of the first, second and third power supply conductors extend along a length of the cable. The electrical heating cable also includes an electrically conductive heating element body, wherein the first, second and third power supply conductors are electrically coupled to each other via the electrically conductive heating element body. The second power supply conductor is provided with a layer of electrically insulating material which covers only a part of a surface of the second power supply conductor. The layer is provided between the surface of the second power supply conductor and the electrically conductive heating element body.

The present disclosure relates to a circuit and a method for carrying out an alternating heating and capacitive measuring mode by a common heating wire, including carrying out a heating mode, wherein, due to a switching by a control circuit, first switching elements and second switching elements are connected in series to the heating wire, and the heating wire is connected, to one of two heating potentials; triggering a switchover from the heating mode into a measuring mode by the control circuit; carrying out the measuring mode, in which the measuring capacitance of the heating wire relative to a reference potential is determined by a detecting circuit by applying to the heating wire an alternating voltage; carrying out a testing phase by a test circuit that is switched by the control circuit that a test impedance is connected to the measuring capacitance.

Systems and methods for flash joule heating carbon with variable frequency drives, for the production of graphene. The system includes a flash joule heating system, and a variable frequency drive system for driving the flash joule heating system, wherein the variable frequency drive system is coupled to the flash joule heating system, and is configured to output a pulse-width modulated current. The system and methods may further include sample temperature feedback, to adjust the output of variable frequency drive system.

A wafer placement table includes a ceramic plate, an electrode embedded in the ceramic plate, a hollow ceramic shaft attached to a surface of the ceramic plate, a power-supplying member running inside the ceramic shaft and connected to a terminal of the electrode, a plate-side attaching site defined on the ceramic plate and to which the power-supplying member is attached, and a power-source-side attaching site defined at a free end of the ceramic shaft and to which the power-supplying member is attached. The power-source-side attaching site is defined in correspondence with the plate-side attaching site and in such a manner as to be shifted from the plate-side attaching site in plan view. The power-supplying member includes a redirecting portion where the power-supplying member extending from the power-source-side attaching site is forcibly redirected toward the plate-side attaching site.

An electric heater includes a heating element, a heat transfer wall and a control module. The electric heater includes a fluid chamber, an inlet, and an outlet. The fluid chamber is in communication with the inlet and the outlet, the heat transfer wall is a portion of a wall part forming the fluid chamber, the heating element is fixed or limited to at least a portion of the heat transfer wall, the heating element is located outside the fluid chamber, and at least a portion of the heating element is in contact with the heat transfer wall. The electric heater includes a cover body wall, which is another portion of the wall part forming the fluid chamber. The control module is located outside the cover body wall, the control module is located outside the fluid chamber, the control module is electrically connected to the heating element.