A heater includes at least one resistive element. The at least one resistive element includes a material having a high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) such that the resistive element functions as a heater and as a temperature sensor, the resistive element being a material selected from the group consisting of greater than about 95% nickel, a nickel copper alloy, stainless steel, a molybdenum-nickel alloy, niobium, a nickel-iron alloy, tantalum, zirconium, tungsten, molybdenum, Nisil, and titanium. In one form, the heater is a tubular heater with compacted MgO insulation and a metal sheath.

In a gas sensor having a gas-sensitive layer and a heating element to heat the gas-sensitive layer, the heating element comprises a heater track having first and second outer electric terminals and at least one inner electric terminal located between the outer electric terminals. The gas sensor includes a control unit configured to control the electric potentials that are applied to the electric terminals during use, and the control unit is configured to be capable of varying the set of electric potentials applied to the electric terminals. In certain applications the control unit may select the terminals to which power is applied, in order to assure the gas-sensitive layer is heated to a specified temperature. In certain applications the gas sensor has multiple measurement electrodes and the control unit selects the set of electric potentials so that different temperatures are attained at locations where different measurement electrodes are located.

The present disclosure provides an electrically conductive sheet for use in three-dimensional molding including: a pseudo-sheet structure in which plural electrically conductive linear bodies extending unidirectionally are arranged spaced apart from each other; and a resin protective layer provided on a surface of the pseudo-sheet structure. In the above mentioned electrically conductive sheet, each of the electrically conductive linear bodies in the pseudo-sheet structure includes: a first portion formed in a wave pattern having a wavelength 1 and an amplitude A1; and a second portion formed in a wave pattern having a wavelength 2 and an amplitude A2, at least one of which is different from the wavelength 1 or the amplitude A1 of the first portion.

The present disclosure provides a heat-generating sheet for use in three-dimensional molding including: a pseudo-sheet structure in which plural electrically conductive linear bodies extending unidirectionally are arranged spaced apart from each other, each of the electrically conductive linear bodies having a diameter of from 7 m to 75 m; and a resin protective layer provided at a side of one surface of the pseudo-sheet structure. In this heat-generating sheet for use in three-dimensional molding, the total thickness of layers provided at the side of the pseudo-sheet structure at which the resin protective layer is provided is from 1.5 times to 80 times the diameter of the electrically conductive linear bodies. The present disclosure also provides a surface heat-generating article in which the heat-generating sheet for use in three-dimensional molding is used.

A pane arrangement with a heatable sensor window includes a composite pane including an outer pane having an exterior-side surface and an interior-side surface and an inner pane having an exterior-side surface and an interior-side surface, which are joined to one another via at least one thermoplastic intermediate layer; an enclosure arranged on the interior-side surface of the inner pane and having an inner surface and an outer surface; a radiation receiver and/or a radiation source, which face(s) the composite pane within the enclosure such that a beam path of electromagnetic radiation passes through a sensor window of the composite pane; a first heating element; and a second heating element. The first heating element is arranged below the beam path on the outer surface or on the inner surface of the enclosure and the second heating element is arranged in a region of the composite pane surrounding the sensor window.

A vehicle window assembly is provided in the disclosure. The vehicle window assembly includes a first bearing plate, a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, a first bus bar, and a second bus bar. The first bus bar is in direct electrical contact with the first conductive layer, and the second bus bar is in direct electrical contact with the first conductive layer or the second conductive layer. The vehicle window assembly has a first heating zone and a second heating zone arranged between the first bus bar and the second bus bar, where the first heating zone is in direct connection with the second heating zone. The first conductive layer covers at least the first heating zone, and the second conductive layer at least partially covers the second heating zone.

Composite airfoils of the present disclosure comprise a root section including a first surface. The airfoils comprise an intermediate section having a first surface and coupled with the root section at a first end. The airfoils comprise a tip section having a first surface and coupled at a first end with a second end of the intermediate section. The airfoils comprise a conductive material layer adjacent at least one of the first surface of the root section, the first surface of the intermediate section, and the first surface of the tip section. The conductive material comprises a first polymer, a second polymer, and a sulfonic acid.

A heater cable produces a substantially level voltage across its cross-section, providing a uniform and controllable thermal output along its length. The heater cable includes at least one center bus wire extending axially along a central axis of the heater cable, and at least one radial bus wire extending axially through the heating cable and positioned adjacent to the center bus wire. The heater cable further includes a thermally and electrically conductive interstitial material disposed around the at least one center bus wire and the at least one radial bus wire, and a jacket disposed about the interstitial material, the at least one center bus wire, and the at least one radial bus wire.

A resistance element includes a resistance coil having a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The resistance coil defines a plurality of first portions defining a first constant diameter and a plurality of second portions defining a second constant diameter smaller than the first diameter. At least one of the first portions and the second portions has a continuously variable pitch. The resistance coil may also further define two third portions, each third portion being disposed adjacent to a corresponding first or second end. The resistance element may be disposed between first and second conducting pins in a heater.

A heater includes a first conducting pin, a second conducting pin, and a plurality of resistance coils. Each resistance coil includes a first end connected to the first conducting pin and a second end connected to the second conducting pin. At least one resistance coil among the plurality of resistance coils has a continuously variable pitch. In one form, the plurality of resistance coils are connected in a parallel circuit with the first and second conducting pin. A first resistance coil among the plurality of resistance coils may have a diameter that is different than a second resistance coil among the plurality of resistance coils.