A planar heating element for a window includes a resin base having a flat or curved surface, a heating element formed of a conductive sheet having a uniform specific resistance and provided to spread in the form of a planar shape along the shape of the surface of the resin base, and conductive current supply portions provided to extend in the form of bands on opposite ends of the heating element, so as to allow a current to pass through the heating element. The heating element has a locally increased specific resistance portion whose specific resistance locally increases when a current is passed through the heating element from the current supply portions.

A temperature adjustment apparatus configured to perform temperature adjustment and control for each fine zone of a substrate, a multi-zone temperature adjustment apparatus including the same, and a multi-zone temperature adjustment type substrate supporting apparatus are proposed. The temperature adjustment apparatus includes a first power source, a second power source, an ammeter connected to the second power source in series and configured to measure a current value of the second power source, a heater inducing a first direction current to dissipate heat energy while being connected to the first power source in series during a heating time period, a temperature sensor inducing a second direction current while being connected to the second power source in series during a sensing time period, and a switch controller controlling connection between the first power source and the heater and connection between the second power source and the temperature sensor.

The present disclosure provides a flexible workpiece pedestal capable of tilting a workpiece support surface. The workpiece pedestal further includes a heater mounted on the workpiece support surface. The heater includes a plurality of heating sources such as heating coils. The plurality of heating sources in the heater allows heating the workpiece at different temperatures for different zones of the workpiece. For example, the workpiece can have a central zone heated by a first heating coil, a first outer ring zone that is outside of the central zone heated by a second heating coil, a second outer ring zone that is outside of the first outer ring zone heated by a third heating coil. By using the tunable heating feature and the tilting feature of the workpiece pedestal, the present disclosure can reduce or eliminate the shadowing effect problem of the related workpiece pedestal in the art.

A thermoelectric device including a panel, formed of a thermally insulating material, and having a plurality of thermoelectric elements including compacted conductors inside the insulating material and expanded conductors outside the insulating material wherein the thermoelectric elements run substantially parallel to or at an acute angle relative to the long dimension of the panel. The thermoelectric device may be integrated into a variety of surfaces or enclosures needing heating or cooling with controls and configurations to optimize the application.

One general aspect includes a system having one or more heat pads installed at a vehicle, the one or more heat pads configured to provide infrared energy transmissions to a vehicle component to defrost, defog, or both defrost and defog a surface of the vehicle component. The system may also carry out the following steps: (a) determining that ice or fog or both ice and fog has accumulated on the surface of the vehicle component; and (b) based on the determination made in step (a), activating the one or more heat pads to defrost, defog, or both defrost and defog a surface of the vehicle component.

A heater assembly (20) is configured to vaporize a liquid. The heater assembly (20) includes a substrate plate (26,28) and a heating element (24) supported on the substrate plate (26,28). The heating element (24) includes a layer of electrically conducting material. The heater assembly (20) further includes a plurality of channels (46) formed by the electrically conducting material. Each of the plurality of channels (46) is configured to operate in parallel. Each channel (46) has an inlet end and an outlet end. The inlet end is configured to receive the liquid and the outlet end is configured to discharge vapor. The substrate plate (26,28) and the heating element (24) form a multi-layer configuration.

A method for forming a heater on a substrate includes feeding a heater wire into a heating zone, the heater wire being in contact with a dielectric material within the heating zone, and coaxially co-extruding the heater wire and the dielectric material from the heating zone through a nozzle and onto a substrate such that the heater wire and the dielectric material form a heater for heating the substrate.

The invention concerns a conductive pattern sheet for use in a glazing, comprising a substrate, a conductive pattern arranged on the substrate, wherein the conductive pattern comprises first and second busbars arranged at opposing edges of the conductive pattern for connecting a power supply thereto, a plurality of conductive lines each conductive line arranged between the first and second busbars, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of conductive lines is configured to have a transition region wherein a change from a first resistance per unit length (R1) at a first end of the transition region to a second resistance per unit length (R2) at a second end of the transition region occurs over a predetermined length (L) of the transition region wherein a rate of change of resistance per unit length (R1-R2)/L is from 1 to 16,000 ohms per centimetre squared and the substrate is a polymer sheet.

A thermal processing apparatus according to the present invention includes: a support including quartz and being for supporting a substrate from a first side within a chamber; a flash lamp disposed on a second side and being for heating the substrate by irradiating the substrate with a flash of light; a continuous illumination lamp disposed on the second side of the substrate and being for continuously heating the substrate; a light blocking member disposed to surround the substrate in plan view; and a radiation thermometer disposed on the first side of the substrate and being for measuring a temperature of the substrate, wherein the radiation thermometer measures the temperature of the substrate by receiving light at a wavelength capable of being transmitted through the support. Accuracy of measurement of the temperature of the substrate can thereby be increased.

A non-nicotine e-vaping device may include a device body configured to receive a non-nicotine cartridge. The non-nicotine cartridge includes a non-nicotine pre-vapor formulation, a wick, and an integral heater-thermocouple. The wick is configured to transport the non-nicotine pre-vapor formulation by capillary action. The integral heater-thermocouple includes a first segment made of a first alloy and a second segment made of a second alloy. The device body includes a power supply, at least one sensor, and a controller. The power supply is configured to deliver electrical energy to the integral heater-thermocouple to heat the non-nicotine pre-vapor formulation to generate a non-nicotine vapor. The at least one sensor is configured to measure a voltage difference between the first segment and the second segment of the integral heater-thermocouple during such heating. The controller is configured to adjust the electrical energy to the integral heater-thermocouple based on the measured voltage difference.