Disclosed is a first method of providing a heating system to an outer skin of an aircraft, that has the steps of forming laser-induced graphene (LIG) on a polymer sheet by directing laser energy towards the polymer sheet; coupling electrical leads to the LIG; and bonding the polymer sheet against the outer skin or erosion protection layer secured to the outer skin so that to the polymer sheet conforms with a shape of the outer skin.

A tractor trailer roof heater apparatus for preventing snow and ice accumulation includes a reservoir configured to hold heater oil within an inner cavity and configured to be coupled to a tractor trailer. A heater is coupled to a bottom side of the reservoir within the inner cavity and is configured to heat the heater oil. A pump is coupled to a top side of the reservoir and has a draw tube extending through a pump aperture into the inner cavity to draw the heater oil from the reservoir and push it through an outlet aperture through an oil tube. The oil tube is configured to be coupled within a roof of the tractor trailer to carry hot heater oil from the pump and then return the heater oil to the reservoir. A power supply is coupled to the pump and a thermostat is coupled to the reservoir.

A sensor assembly for monitoring a heater system for an aircraft probe sensor includes a current sensor module with a current sensor core and a high electromagnetically permeable enclosure around the current sensor core. An input wire pathway extends through the current sensor core and is configured to receive a heater input wire. A return wire pathway extends through the current sensor core and is configured to receive a heater return wire. A high electromagnetically permeable tube extends through the current sensor core and is configured to extend around one of the input wire and the heater return wire.

A polyvinyl acetal resin film for laminated glass, a viscosity of toluene/ethanol=1/1 (by mass ratio) solution of a polyvinyl acetal resin in a resin composition constituting the polyvinyl acetal resin film with a concentration of 10% by mass, measured at 30 rpm and 20° C. by using a Brookfield-type (B-type) viscometer, being more than 200 mPa.Math.s, the polyvinyl acetal resin film comprising a plasticizer in an amount of 0 to 20% by mass based on a total mass of the resin composition constituting the polyvinyl acetal resin film, and the polyvinyl acetal resin film having a thickness of 10 to 350 μm.

The present disclosure provides methods of coating a substrate. A method includes depositing a conductive coating including an electrically conductive material over the substrate to form a conductive layer having a sheet resistivity of about 10 Ω/□ to about 1000 Ω/□. The method includes depositing an anti-icing layer comprising nanomaterials over the conductive layer to form a coating system.

Pendulum dampers are described. The pendulum dampers include a damper body having a first end and a second end, with an axial direction defined between the first end and the second end with a heater bore passing through the damper body in the axial direction from a tail port at the second end toward the first end and a cartridge heater installed within the heater bore, the cartridge heater configured to generate heat and heat a material of the damper body.

A transparent heater comprising a conductive film and a connection part connectable to a power feeding apparatus, the conductive film comprising a transparent substrate and a conductive part comprising a fine metal wire pattern disposed on one side or both sides of the transparent substrate, wherein the fine metal wire pattern is constituted by a fine metal wire, and the fine metal wire has voids, and when the cross-sectional area of the fine metal wire is defined as S.sub.M and the total cross-sectional area of the voids included in the cross-section of the fine metal wire is defined as S.sub.Vtotal on the cross-section of the fine metal wire perpendicular to the direction of drawing of the fine metal wire, S.sub.Vtotal/S.sub.M is 0.10 or more and 0.40 or less.

A magnetic induction heating system for a railroad switch crib is a system that prevents the accumulation of ice or snow on or around the railroad switch crib area which can cause malfunction of the railroad switch components. To do so, the system includes at least one coil assembly that can be mounted under the railroad crib space between adjacent ties. The at least one coil assembly is designed to generate an oscillating electromagnetic field that agitates the atoms of the different metal components of the railroad crib space so that the metal components radiate enough heat that melts any accumulated ice or snow around the components. The at least one coil assembly can also be used to heat the railroad switch drive motor assembly by placing the at least one coil assembly under the motor drive unit to keep the unit free of ice or snow accumulation.

A heat conductor and a heated media line having an inner tubular fluid line and at least one heat conductor arranged on the periphery thereof. The heat conductor is formed by a braid made of twisted individual wires and, in particular, an outer protective sheath surrounding the heat conductor and the fluid line. The braid is formed by at least six individual wires surrounding a support element, of which at least one individual wire is made of a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, and the remaining individual wires are produced from copper (Cu) or from a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy. All of the individual wires have the same diameter.

A carbon nano tube (CNT) conduit heater system includes a CNT sheet having a first surface and a second surface. A first busbar is electrically coupled to the CNT sheet. A second busbar is electrically coupled to the CNT sheet. The second busbar is arranged substantially parallel to the first busbar. A first protective layer is disposed on the first surface and a second protective layer is disposed on the second surface, wherein the second protective layer is joined to the first protective layer encapsulating the CNT sheet the first busbar and the second busbar forming a heater assembly having a first side and a second side.