A negative ion-based beam injector comprising a negative ion source and an accelerator. The ions produced by the ion source are pre-accelerated before injection into a high energy accelerator by an electrostatic multi-aperture grid pre-accelerator, which is used to extract ion beams from the plasma and accelerate to some fraction of the required beam energy. The beam from the ion source passes through a pair of deflecting magnets, which enable the beam to shift off axis before entering the high energy accelerator. The negative ion-based beam injector can be combined with a neutralizer to produce about a 5 MW neutral beam with energy of about 0.50 to 1.0 MeV. After acceleration to full energy, the beam enters the neutralizer where it is partially converted into a neutral beam. The remaining ion species are separated by a magnet and directed into electrostatic energy converters. The neutral beam passes through a gate valve and enters a plasma chamber.

A negative ion-based beam injector comprising a negative ion source and an accelerator. The ions produced by the ion source are pre-accelerated before injection into a high energy accelerator by an electrostatic multi-aperture grid pre-accelerator, which is used to extract ion beams from the plasma and accelerate to some fraction of the required beam energy. The beam from the ion source passes through a pair of deflecting magnets, which enable the beam to shift off axis before entering the high energy accelerator. The negative ion-based beam injector can be combined with a neutralizer to produce about a 5 MW neutral beam with energy of about 0.50 to 1.0 MeV. After acceleration to full energy, the beam enters the neutralizer where it is partially converted into a neutral beam. The remaining ion species are separated by a magnet and directed into electrostatic energy converters. The neutral beam passes through a gate valve and enters a plasma chamber.

A non-resonance photo-neutralizer for negative ion-based neutral beam injectors. The non-resonance photo-neutralizer utilizes a nonresonant photon accumulation, wherein the path of a photon becomes tangled and trapped in a certain space region, i.e., the photon trap. The trap is preferably formed by two smooth mirror surfaces facing each other with at least one of the mirrors being concave. In its simplest form, the trap is elliptical. A confinement region is a region near a family of normals, which are common to both mirror surfaces. The photons with a sufficiently small angle of deviation from the nearest common normal are confined. Depending on specific conditions, the shape of the mirror surface may be one of spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, or toroidal geometry, or a combination thereof.

A non-resonance photo-neutralizer for negative ion-based neutral beam injectors. The non-resonance photo-neutralizer utilizes a nonresonant photon accumulation, wherein the path of a photon becomes tangled and trapped in a certain space region, i.e., the photon trap. The trap is preferably formed by two smooth mirror surfaces facing each other with at least one of the mirrors being concave. In its simplest form, the trap is elliptical. A confinement region is a region near a family of normals, which are common to both mirror surfaces. The photons with a sufficiently small angle of deviation from the nearest common normal are confined. Depending on specific conditions, the shape of the mirror surface may be one of spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, or toroidal geometry, or a combination thereof.

Some variations provide an atom vapor-density control system, the system comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode that is electrically isolated from the first electrode; an ion-conducting layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the ion-conducting layer is in ionic communication with the second electrode; at least one atom reservoir in contact with the second electrode or with an additional electrode, wherein the atom reservoir is electrochemically configured to controllably supply or receive atoms; a heater in thermal communication with a heated region comprising the first electrode; and one or more thermal isolation structures configured to minimize heat loss out of the heated region into a cold region. Several exemplary system configurations are presented in the drawings. The disclosed atom vapor-density control systems are capable of controlling the vapor pressure of metal atoms (such as alkali atoms) at low electrical power input.

Some variations provide an atom vapor-density control system, the system comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode that is electrically isolated from the first electrode; an ion-conducting layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the ion-conducting layer is in ionic communication with the second electrode; at least one atom reservoir in contact with the second electrode or with an additional electrode, wherein the atom reservoir is electrochemically configured to controllably supply or receive atoms; a heater in thermal communication with a heated region comprising the first electrode; and one or more thermal isolation structures configured to minimize heat loss out of the heated region into a cold region. Several exemplary system configurations are presented in the drawings. The disclosed atom vapor-density control systems are capable of controlling the vapor pressure of metal atoms (such as alkali atoms) at low electrical power input.

A device such as a medical device and a method for making same provides a surface modified by beam irradiation, such as a gas cluster ion beams or a neutral beam, to inhibit or delay attachment or activation or clotting of platelets.

A device such as a medical device and a method for making same provides a surface modified by beam irradiation, such as a gas cluster ion beams or a neutral beam, to inhibit or delay attachment or activation or clotting of platelets.

A method for producing a neutral beam of spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes by photodissociating compound molecules is provided. Each compound molecule comprises a Hydrogen isotope and a second element. A molecular beam is generated by passing the compound molecules through a nozzle. The molecular beam is introduced into a photodissociation chamber. The molecular beam is photodissociated into spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes and second elements by intersecting the molecular beam with a circularly polarized photolysis laser beam. The spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes are guided, accelerated, and neutralized. A photodissociation system for producing a neutral beam of spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes by photodissociating compound molecules and a nuclear reactor system are also provided.

A method for producing a neutral beam of spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes by photodissociating compound molecules is provided. Each compound molecule comprises a Hydrogen isotope and a second element. A molecular beam is generated by passing the compound molecules through a nozzle. The molecular beam is introduced into a photodissociation chamber. The molecular beam is photodissociated into spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes and second elements by intersecting the molecular beam with a circularly polarized photolysis laser beam. The spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes are guided, accelerated, and neutralized. A photodissociation system for producing a neutral beam of spin polarized Hydrogen isotopes by photodissociating compound molecules and a nuclear reactor system are also provided.