There is provided a cyclotron which accelerates a charged particle in an orbital trajectory to emit a charged particle beam. The cyclotron includes a magnetic pole that generates a magnetic field required for accelerating the charged particle, and a magnetic channel portion having a magnetic channel disposed on an outer peripheral portion of the orbital trajectory to guide the charged particle beam to an extraction trajectory and to focus the charged particle beam. The magnetic channel portion is attached to the magnetic pole.

A scanning magnet that deflects a charged particle beam has a winding U provided with grooves SL1 and SL4 provided at facing positions. A passing direction of a conductive wire forming the winding U passes through the groove SL1 in a γ-axis positive direction, and passes through the groove SL4 in a γ-axis negative direction. The winding U has a loop path SL1-SL4 in which the groove SL1 is directed to the γ-axis positive direction, and the groove SL4 is directed to the γ-axis negative direction. When a current flows in the γ-axis positive direction in a winding section U+ disposed in the groove SL1, a current flows in the γ-axis negative direction in a winding section U− disposed in the groove SL4. A yoke, the winding U, a winding V, and a winding W have a 120° rotationally symmetric structure with respect to a central axis of the yoke.

A scanning magnet that deflects a charged particle beam has a winding U provided with grooves SL1 and SL4 provided at facing positions. A passing direction of a conductive wire forming the winding U passes through the groove SL1 in a γ-axis positive direction, and passes through the groove SL4 in a γ-axis negative direction. The winding U has a loop path SL1-SL4 in which the groove SL1 is directed to the γ-axis positive direction, and the groove SL4 is directed to the γ-axis negative direction. When a current flows in the γ-axis positive direction in a winding section U+ disposed in the groove SL1, a current flows in the γ-axis negative direction in a winding section U− disposed in the groove SL4. A yoke, the winding U, a winding V, and a winding W have a 120° rotationally symmetric structure with respect to a central axis of the yoke.

A magnetic apparatus and a method of operating the magnetic apparatus can include a scanning electromagnet that redirects a beam of charged particles, a vacuum chamber that prevents the atmosphere from interfering with the charged particles, and, a parallelizing permanent magnet array for parallelizing the beam of charged particles. The parallelizing permanent magnet array can be located proximate to a target comprising a Bremsstrahlung target or an object that is being irradiated. The magnetic field of the scanning electromagnet can be variable to produce all angles necessary to sweep the beam of charged particles across the target and the parallelizing permanent magnet array can be configured from a magnetic material that does not require an electric current.

A deflection electromagnet device generates a high magnetic field without increasing the size of a vacuum duct to facilitate control over a beam orbit. Magnetic flux lines from a return pole pass through the vacuum duct of a high-temperature superconductor in a vacuum heat insulation container and the charged particle beam is thus deflected, thereby generating radiation. A three-pole magnetic field is formed on the beam orbit and the charged particle beam is thus deflected by individual magnetic fields, so that radiation can be generated while the charged particle beam returns to a coaxial orbit. Therefore, an increase in size of the vacuum duct can be prevented. A shielding current is dominant and the non-uniformity of the magnetic field in a z-axis direction is prevented by disposing the high-temperature superconductor having a crystal direction c-axis orthogonal to a horizontal plane in which the charged particle beam flows.

A deflection electromagnet device generates a high magnetic field without increasing the size of a vacuum duct to facilitate control over a beam orbit. Magnetic flux lines from a return pole pass through the vacuum duct of a high-temperature superconductor in a vacuum heat insulation container and the charged particle beam is thus deflected, thereby generating radiation. A three-pole magnetic field is formed on the beam orbit and the charged particle beam is thus deflected by individual magnetic fields, so that radiation can be generated while the charged particle beam returns to a coaxial orbit. Therefore, an increase in size of the vacuum duct can be prevented. A shielding current is dominant and the non-uniformity of the magnetic field in a z-axis direction is prevented by disposing the high-temperature superconductor having a crystal direction c-axis orthogonal to a horizontal plane in which the charged particle beam flows.

An undulator is adapted to a synchrotron storage ring or free electron lasers (FEL), especially to an undulator capable of switching polarization mode rapidly. In comparison with the EPU (elliptically polarized undulator) of APPLE II (Advanced Planar Polarized Light Emitter II) which conceived by Dr. S. Sasaki, the provided undulator does not use mechanical transmission mechanisms to drive the four magnetic pole arrays composed of permanent magnets. Hence, the polarization mode can be switched rapidly. Moreover, a polarization method of electron beam is also provided.

An undulator is adapted to a synchrotron storage ring or free electron lasers (FEL), especially to an undulator capable of switching polarization mode rapidly. In comparison with the EPU (elliptically polarized undulator) of APPLE II (Advanced Planar Polarized Light Emitter II) which conceived by Dr. S. Sasaki, the provided undulator does not use mechanical transmission mechanisms to drive the four magnetic pole arrays composed of permanent magnets. Hence, the polarization mode can be switched rapidly. Moreover, a polarization method of electron beam is also provided.

A system including an electron beam source for providing an electron beam and at least one undulator system configured to produce free-electron laser (FEL) radiation is described. The undulator system includes undulators and at least one optical section between the undulators. The undulators are configured to induce the electron beam to microbunch and radiate coherently. The optical section(s) are configured to operate on the electron beam and the FEL radiation generated by the electron beam.

One or more example embodiments of the present invention relates to a radiofrequency source for a linear accelerator system, to the linear accelerator system, to a method for operating a radiofrequency source, and to an associated computer program product.