A partially insulating layer for use in an HTS magnet coil. The partially insulating layer comprises an insulating body 401 having within it a set of linking tracks and a set of pickup tracks. Each linking track is electrically conductive and is electrically connected to first and second surfaces of the partially insulating layer, in order to provide an electrical path between said first and second surfaces. Each pickup track is electrically conductive and is inductively coupled to a respective linking track, and electrically isolated from the first and second surfaces. Each of the pickup tracks is configured for connection to a current measuring device in order to measure a current induced in the pickup track by a change in current flowing in the respective linking track.

A particle beam transport apparatus includes a vacuum duct, at least one magnet controller, and a scanning magnet. The vacuum duct is configured such that a particle beam advances through the vacuum duct. The magnet controller is disposed around a bent portion of the vacuum duct and is configured to control an advancing direction or shape of the particle beam. The scanning magnet is disposed on the downstream side of the magnet controller in the advancing direction and is configured to scan the particle beam by deflecting each bunch of the particle beam. The magnet controller includes a deflection magnet configured to deflect the advancing direction of the particle beam along the bent portion and a quadrupole magnet configured to converge the particle beam. The deflection magnet and the quadrupole magnet constitute a combined-function magnet arranged at the same point in the advancing direction.

A particle beam transport apparatus includes a vacuum duct, at least one magnet controller, and a scanning magnet. The vacuum duct is configured such that a particle beam advances through the vacuum duct. The magnet controller is disposed around a bent portion of the vacuum duct and is configured to control an advancing direction or shape of the particle beam. The scanning magnet is disposed on the downstream side of the magnet controller in the advancing direction and is configured to scan the particle beam by deflecting each bunch of the particle beam. The magnet controller includes a deflection magnet configured to deflect the advancing direction of the particle beam along the bent portion and a quadrupole magnet configured to converge the particle beam. The deflection magnet and the quadrupole magnet constitute a combined-function magnet arranged at the same point in the advancing direction.

An electromagnetic field control member includes an insulating member constituted of a cylindrical ceramic and having a plurality of through holes along an axial direction, a conductive member constituted of metal and closing the through holes so as to provide an opening that opens in an outer periphery of the insulating member, and a power supply terminal connected to the conductive member. The power supply terminal is located away from an inner wall of the insulating member forming the through holes, and has a first end and a second end in the axial direction, and at least one of the first end and the second end is located farther away from the inner wall than a central portion of the power supply terminal.

Methods, devices and systems for ultra-high dose radiotherapy are disclosed. The described techniques rely in-part on active switching control of a photoconductive switch during the time the accelerator is accelerating charged particles to produce the output radiation at the desired dose rates. One radiotherapy system includes a particle accelerator configured to receive charged particles from a pulsed source. The particle accelerator includes a pipe configured to allow the charged particles to pass through as a beam, a magnetic core positioned proximate to the pipe and coupled to the pulsed source, and at least one multilayer insulator positioned adjacent to the pipe and the magnetic core. The system also includes a photoconductive switch coupled to the particle accelerator and configured to supply the particle accelerator with a plurality of voltage pulses.

Methods, devices and systems for ultra-high dose radiotherapy are disclosed. The described techniques rely in-part on active switching control of a photoconductive switch during the time the accelerator is accelerating charged particles to produce the output radiation at the desired dose rates. One radiotherapy system includes a particle accelerator configured to receive charged particles from a pulsed source. The particle accelerator includes a pipe configured to allow the charged particles to pass through as a beam, a magnetic core positioned proximate to the pipe and coupled to the pulsed source, and at least one multilayer insulator positioned adjacent to the pipe and the magnetic core. The system also includes a photoconductive switch coupled to the particle accelerator and configured to supply the particle accelerator with a plurality of voltage pulses.

A set of magnetic elements is used in the beamline of a charged particle-based radiation therapy machine instead of scattering foils. The set of magnetic elements is located between the exit of the linear accelerator and the isocenter or patient, and is used for shaping and defocusing a charged particle beam used for charged particle-based treatment modalities.

A set of magnetic elements is used in the beamline of a charged particle-based radiation therapy machine instead of scattering foils. The set of magnetic elements is located between the exit of the linear accelerator and the isocenter or patient, and is used for shaping and defocusing a charged particle beam used for charged particle-based treatment modalities.

In a magnetic device 1, on faces opposite to a middle plane 2 between an upper magnetic pole 8 and a lower magnetic pole 9, recesses 21a, 21b, 21c, and 21d and projections 22a, 22b, 22c, and 22d are alternately placed along a beam circling direction. In the projections 22a, 22b, 22c, and 22d, angle widths θ of the projections 22a, 22b, 22c, and 22d when viewed from the center O1 of a beam closed orbit is narrowed as beam energy is increased. On the outer circumferential region of the recess 21a on the upper magnetic pole 8 and the lower magnetic pole 9, the inlet of an extraction channel 1019 that extracts a beam accelerated to a predetermined energy to outside an accelerator 1004 is provided.

In a magnetic device 1, on faces opposite to a middle plane 2 between an upper magnetic pole 8 and a lower magnetic pole 9, recesses 21a, 21b, 21c, and 21d and projections 22a, 22b, 22c, and 22d are alternately placed along a beam circling direction. In the projections 22a, 22b, 22c, and 22d, angle widths θ of the projections 22a, 22b, 22c, and 22d when viewed from the center O1 of a beam closed orbit is narrowed as beam energy is increased. On the outer circumferential region of the recess 21a on the upper magnetic pole 8 and the lower magnetic pole 9, the inlet of an extraction channel 1019 that extracts a beam accelerated to a predetermined energy to outside an accelerator 1004 is provided.