Methods, devices and systems for ultra-high dose radiotherapy are disclosed. The described techniques rely in-part on active switching control of a photoconductive switch during the time the accelerator is accelerating charged particles to produce the output radiation at the desired dose rates. One radiotherapy system includes a particle accelerator configured to receive charged particles from a pulsed source. The particle accelerator includes a pipe configured to allow the charged particles to pass through as a beam, a magnetic core positioned proximate to the pipe and coupled to the pulsed source, and at least one multilayer insulator positioned adjacent to the pipe and the magnetic core. The system also includes a photoconductive switch coupled to the particle accelerator and configured to supply the particle accelerator with a plurality of voltage pulses.

A multifrequency linear accelerator system (100) which can be used to generate multidirectional particle beams (101. 102) for, e.g., multidimensional radiotherapy and X-ray imaging is described. The system (100) comprises an electromagnetic EM source (104), a first linear accelerator (106) operable at a first frequency, a second linear accelerator (108) operable at a second, different, frequency, a first circulator (110) and a second circulator (112). The first linear accelerator (106) is arranged to received EM power (118) supplied from the EM source at the first frequency via the first circulator (110), and the second linear accelerator (108) is arranged to receive EM power (120) supplied by the EM source at the second frequency via the first circulator (110) and the second circulator (112).

A multifrequency linear accelerator system (100) which can be used to generate multidirectional particle beams (101. 102) for, e.g., multidimensional radiotherapy and X-ray imaging is described. The system (100) comprises an electromagnetic EM source (104), a first linear accelerator (106) operable at a first frequency, a second linear accelerator (108) operable at a second, different, frequency, a first circulator (110) and a second circulator (112). The first linear accelerator (106) is arranged to received EM power (118) supplied from the EM source at the first frequency via the first circulator (110), and the second linear accelerator (108) is arranged to receive EM power (120) supplied by the EM source at the second frequency via the first circulator (110) and the second circulator (112).

A particle accelerator system, preferably including an injection beamline, a return beamline, and a merged beamline, and optionally including a beam separator. The particle accelerator system preferably includes a plurality of electron optics elements, such as dipole magnets, quadrupole magnets, solenoid elements, and/or higher-order magnetic elements, which can function to direct electrons (and/or other charged particles) along the beamlines. A method of operation, preferably including injecting electrons, merging beamlines, accelerating the injected electrons, and/or using the accelerated electrons, and optionally including receiving return electrons, dumping used electrons, and/or returning the accelerated electrons.

A particle accelerator system, preferably including an injection beamline, a return beamline, and a merged beamline, and optionally including a beam separator. The particle accelerator system preferably includes a plurality of electron optics elements, such as dipole magnets, quadrupole magnets, solenoid elements, and/or higher-order magnetic elements, which can function to direct electrons (and/or other charged particles) along the beamlines. A method of operation, preferably including injecting electrons, merging beamlines, accelerating the injected electrons, and/or using the accelerated electrons, and optionally including receiving return electrons, dumping used electrons, and/or returning the accelerated electrons.

A compact, modular, and scalable pulsed power-driven radiation source system utilizes Dense Plasma Focus assemblies and Ion Ring Marx Generators in a novel configuration to generate ultra-intense charged particle beams. The system's WARP core integrates coaxially aligned, face-to-face Dense Plasma Focus assemblies with reflex triodes and magnetic flux compression to achieve significantly enhanced energy outputs. The invention enables efficient energy production, advanced propulsion capabilities, and new avenues for high-energy physics research while maintaining a reduced physical footprint compared to traditional accelerators. The system achieves GeV-level particle energies through controlled plasma and charged particle ring compression and acceleration, offering applications in nuclear fusion, advanced space propulsion, and radiographic analysis.

A compact, modular, and scalable pulsed power-driven radiation source system utilizes Dense Plasma Focus assemblies and Ion Ring Marx Generators in a novel configuration to generate ultra-intense charged particle beams. The system's WARP core integrates coaxially aligned, face-to-face Dense Plasma Focus assemblies with reflex triodes and magnetic flux compression to achieve significantly enhanced energy outputs. The invention enables efficient energy production, advanced propulsion capabilities, and new avenues for high-energy physics research while maintaining a reduced physical footprint compared to traditional accelerators. The system achieves GeV-level particle energies through controlled plasma and charged particle ring compression and acceleration, offering applications in nuclear fusion, advanced space propulsion, and radiographic analysis.

A particle accelerator system, preferably including an injection beamline, a return beamline, and a merged beamline, and optionally including a beam separator. The particle accelerator system preferably includes a plurality of electron optics elements, such as dipole magnets, quadrupole magnets, solenoid elements, and/or higher-order magnetic elements, which can function to direct electrons (and/or other charged particles) along the beamlines. A method of operation, preferably including injecting electrons, merging beamlines, accelerating the injected electrons, and/or using the accelerated electrons, and optionally including receiving return electrons, dumping used electrons, and/or returning the accelerated electrons.

A particle accelerator system, preferably including an injection beamline, a return beamline, and a merged beamline, and optionally including a beam separator. The particle accelerator system preferably includes a plurality of electron optics elements, such as dipole magnets, quadrupole magnets, solenoid elements, and/or higher-order magnetic elements, which can function to direct electrons (and/or other charged particles) along the beamlines. A method of operation, preferably including injecting electrons, merging beamlines, accelerating the injected electrons, and/or using the accelerated electrons, and optionally including receiving return electrons, dumping used electrons, and/or returning the accelerated electrons.