An electronic device includes a first resonator electrode and a second resonator electrode in an interconnect stack over a semiconductor substrate. The first resonator electrode includes a first lower resonator electrode, a first upper resonator electrode and a first plurality of vias between the first lower resonator electrode and the first upper resonator electrode. The second resonator electrode includes a second lower resonator electrode, a second upper resonator electrode, and a second plurality of vias between the second lower resonator electrode and the second upper resonator electrode. A cavity in the interconnect stack is bounded by the first resonator electrode and the second resonator electrode. An electron emitter extends from the semiconductor surface between the first and second resonator electrodes and is configured to direct electrons into the cavity. The electronic device may be operated to produce short wavelength radiation, e.g. x-rays.

The present application provides a method for obtaining strong focusing of an isochronous accelerator by varying the magnetic field gradient in a large radial range. The method is characterized by the main magnet of the isochronous accelerator providing not only a bending effect but also a focusing effect, equivalent to the effects of quadrupole, sextupole, and octupole magnets used in a synchrotron accelerator.

There is provided a circular accelerator that accelerates a beam of charged particles circulating in a magnetic field such that a closed orbit for each energy of the beam is eccentric. The circular accelerator includes a beam extraction port for extracting beams of different energies from the closed orbit, a first bending magnet and a second bending magnet that bend the beam extracted from the beam extraction port, and a control unit that controls magnetic field strengths of the first bending magnet and the second bending magnet in accordance with the energy of the extracted beam. When the energy of the extracted beam is a designed maximum energy of the circular accelerator, the control unit excites both the first bending magnet and the second bending magnet to bend the beam.

A beam equipment controlling method is provided. The method includes: proton beam regulatory steps, including: generating a first proton beam after confirming that the generating conditions are met, and marking the proton beam regulatory steps as completed after confirming that the first proton beam meets the specifications; neutron beam regulatory steps, including: generating a first neutron beam after confirming that the proton beam regulatory steps are completed and the generating conditions are met, confirming that the first neutron beam meets specifications, and marking the neutron beam regulatory steps as completed after turning off the cyclotron system; and treatment regulatory steps, including: generating a second neutron beam after confirming that the neutron beam regulatory steps are completed and the treatment-beam generating conditions are met, confirming that the second neutron beam meets treatment needs; and marking the treatment regulatory steps as completed after turning off the cyclotron system.

The ion source includes a microwave power supply provided outside main magnetic poles, a radiofrequency waveguide and an antenna configured to introduce a microwave generated by the microwave power supply to a region to which a magnetic field generated by the main magnetic poles is applied, and a magnetic field generation unit provided inside a hole provided in a part of the main magnetic poles and configured to generate a magnetic field in a direction opposite to that of the magnetic field generated by the main magnetic poles. Plasma is generated inside the main magnetic poles by a magnetic field generated by applying the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generation unit in the opposite direction to the main magnetic field decreased according to a diameter of the hole and the microwave introduced by the radiofrequency waveguide and the antenna.

An accelerator system includes an accelerator that accelerates particles, and a discharge detector that detects discharge inside the accelerator, in which the discharge detector blocks the discharge at a preliminary stage in which an influence of the discharge occurs inside the accelerator, based on detecting continuous discharge.

A superconducting electromagnet component and an isochronous cyclotron including the same are provided. The superconducting electromagnet component includes a superconducting main coil, a superconducting trim coil group, and a superconducting focusing coil group. The superconducting main coil is disposed around the central axis and includes a median plane. The superconducting trim coil group is disposed in the superconducting main coil around the central axis. The superconducting focusing coil group is disposed on the superconducting trim coil group and includes first focusing coils and second focusing coils. The first focusing coils have a first fan-shaped structure and are disposed side by side around the central axis, and the current directions of two adjacent first focusing coils are opposite. The second focusing coils have a second fan-shaped structure and are correspondingly disposed in the first focusing coils, and the current directions of two adjacent second focusing coils are opposite.

A cooling device for cooling an object contained in a vacuum chamber. The cooling device is insertable into and removable out of a boot housed by the vacuum chamber. The boot is in thermal contact with the object. A distal portion of the cooling device comprises a cold station and a coupler thermally connected to the cold station. The coupler comprises at least two mobile contacts thermally connected to the first cold station. The cooling device also comprises a driving means and a mechanical transmission connecting the driving means to the at least two mobile contacts. The driving means and the mechanical transmission are configured to move the at least two mobile contacts radially inwardly and outwardly to respectively loosen or make a conductive thermal contact between the cold station and the boot.

A cyclotron includes a particle acceleration chamber, an upper part above the particle acceleration chamber and a lower part below the particle acceleration chamber, a plurality of rotatable pieces for generating a magnetic field in the particle acceleration chamber, wherein: at least one of the rotatable pieces is at least partly made of a permanent magnet material, the at least one of the rotatable pieces extends along a respective axis, the at least one of the rotatable pieces is rotatable about the respective axis between a plurality of angular positions, the at least one of the rotatable pieces has a plurality of cross sections. A first of the cross sections closer to the central axis of the cyclotron is smaller than a second of the cross sections farther from the central axis of the cyclotron.

A particle therapy apparatus configured to scan a charged particle beam over a target according to a pre-defined treatment field which covers a treatment surface in an isocenter plane of the apparatus. The apparatus is capable of scanning the beam over a reachable surface which covers and is larger than the treatment surface. A beam stopper is arranged downstream of the scanning magnets of the apparatus, at a position to prevent the beam from reaching at least a portion of the reachable surface and to allow the beam to reach any portion of the treatment surface. A control system is configured to control the apparatus to direct the beam to the beam stopper and to meanwhile measure a position of the beam, to calculate a difference between a desired position and the measured position of the beam when directed to the beam stopper, and to scan the beam over the target according to the pre-defined treatment field by taking into account the calculated difference.