A solar panel includes a substrate and a photoactive material. The photoactive material includes an ion and a counterion. An absolute magnitude of a binding energy between the ion and the counterion is less than or equal to about 6.5. A majority of available hydrogen sites on the counterion may be halogenated. A water contact angle of the photoactive material may be greater than or equal to about 65°. The solar panel may be a photovoltaic or a luminescent solar concentrator.

Disclosed are a composition for forming a hole transport layer of a light-transmitting solar cell, a method for manufacturing the light-transmitting solar cell, and a light-transmitting solar cell manufactured thereby. The light-transmitting solar cell manufactured with the composition for forming the hole transport layer may have excellent durability and therefore, not only deposit a transparent electrode, which is an upper electrode, without damage even without buffer layer, thereby reducing the process cost but also deposit the transparent electrode without damage by using a general sputter equipment even without using an expensive special sputter equipment.

Disclosed are a composition for forming a hole transport layer of a light-transmitting solar cell, a method for manufacturing the light-transmitting solar cell, and a light-transmitting solar cell manufactured thereby. The light-transmitting solar cell manufactured with the composition for forming the hole transport layer may have excellent durability and therefore, not only deposit a transparent electrode, which is an upper electrode, without damage even without buffer layer, thereby reducing the process cost but also deposit the transparent electrode without damage by using a general sputter equipment even without using an expensive special sputter equipment.

A compound of the embodiment includes the structure represented by the following general formula (1). ##STR00001## In the general formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 respectively independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group.

The present specification relates to an organic solar cell including a first electrode; a second electrode; and one or more organic material layers including a photoactive layer, wherein the photoactive layer includes an electron donor and an electron acceptor, the electron donor includes a polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1; a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2; and a third unit represented by Chemical Formula 3, and the electron acceptor includes a non-fullerene-based compound.

A photoelectric conversion element of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed to be opposed to the first electrode, and an organic photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and including at least one of a Chryseno[1,2-b:8,7-b′]dithiophene (ChDT1) derivative represented by the general formula (1) or a Chryseno[1,2-b:7,8-b′]dithiophene (ChDT2) derivative represented by the general formula (2).

A photoelectric conversion element of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed to be opposed to the first electrode, and an organic photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and including at least one of a Chryseno[1,2-b:8,7-b′]dithiophene (ChDT1) derivative represented by the general formula (1) or a Chryseno[1,2-b:7,8-b′]dithiophene (ChDT2) derivative represented by the general formula (2).

An organic vapor phase deposition system is provided. The system may include a main reactor defined by a main reactor wail, at least two source barrels configured to introduce at least two organic vapors into the main reactor, and a substrate stage positioned in the main reactor and at least one carrier gas injection line configured to distribute a carrier gas along the main reactor wall, which reduces condensation of the organic vapors onto the main reactor wall as the organic vapors flow toward the substrate stage. A method of fabricating an organic film using organic vapor phase deposition is also provided.

A composition comprising ##STR00001##
In this composition Ar1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00002##
and Ar2 is selected from ##STR00003##
Additionally in this composition, R.sub.1, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.11, and R.sub.12 are independently selected from F, Cl, H, unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms; and the compositional ratio of x/y ranges from about 1/99 to about 99/1, and n ranges from 1 to 1,000,000.

The invention relates to novel organic semiconducting compounds containing an asymmetrically dihalogenated electron-deficient unit, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to compositions, polymer blends and formulations containing them, to the use of the compounds, compositions and polymer blends as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, perovskite-based solar cell (PSC) devices, organic photodetectors (OPD), organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic light emitting diodes (OLED), and to OE, OPV, PSC, OPD, OFET and OLED devices comprising these compounds, compositions or polymer blends.