An organic photovoltaic device comprising a quaternized tetrazine-based donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer is disclosed.

A photoelectric conversion element according to an embodiment includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a photoelectric conversion layer that is in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an active layer containing a perovskite compound. The active layer gives an X-ray diffraction pattern having a first diffraction peak ascribed to the (004) plane of the perovskite compound and a second diffraction peak ascribed to the (220) plane of the perovskite compound. The ratio of the maximum intensity of the first diffraction peak to the maximum intensity of the second diffraction peak is 0.18 or more.

The method of making a pyrrolo bisthiazole homopolymer starts with dissolving a dibrominated pyrrolo[3,2-d:4,5-d]bisthiazole monomer having the formula: ##STR00001##
where R is an alkyl group, in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF). Then, the solvated monomer is treated with 1 equivalent of a Turbo-Grignard reagent complex having the formula .sup.iPrMgCl.LiCl at 0 C. to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, and after stirring, the reaction mixture is refluxed for 24 hours. A conjugated homopolymer product having the formula: ##STR00002##
where n is the number of repeating units of pyrrolo[3,2-d:4,5-d]bisthiazole, is recovered from the reaction mixture. The PBTz-based homopolymers showed broad absorption from 450 to 850 nm in thin film and excellent photochemical and thermal stability, making the polymers suitable for lightweight, low cost plastic electronic devices.

Disclosed herein are visibly transparent photovoltaic devices, such as color-neutral visibly transparent photovoltaic devices. A color-neutral visibly transparent photovoltaic device includes a visibly transparent substrate and a first visibly transparent electrode coupled to the visibly transparent substrate. The device also includes a second visibly transparent electrode and a visibly transparent photoactive layer between the first visibly transparent electrode and the second visibly transparent electrode. The visibly transparent photoactive layer is configured to convert at least one of NIR light or UV light into photocurrent and is characterized by an absorption spectrum with a peak in the NIR or UV spectrum. The device further includes a visibly absorbing material characterized by a second absorption spectrum with a second peak in the visible spectrum, where the second absorption spectrum is complementary to the absorption spectrum.

A hole transporting material comprises a conductive polymer coil, and a plurality of transition metal oxide particles, which suspended and dispersed in the conductive polymer coil. Wherein the transition metal oxide particles are formed in the conductive polymer coil by a sol-gel reaction. The invention also disclosed a method of manufacturing a hole transporting material and an organic photodiode. The hole transporting material of the present invention can has a good match with an electron donor material of an active layer, so that the organic photodiode including the hole transporting material said above can have better power conversion efficiency.

Fullerene derivative blends are described herein. The blends are useful in electronic applications such as, e.g., organic photovoltaic devices.

A hole transporting material comprises a conductive polymer coil, and a plurality of transition metal oxide particles, which suspended and dispersed in the conductive polymer coil. Wherein the transition metal oxide particles are formed in the conductive polymer coil by a sol-gel reaction. The invention also disclosed a method of manufacturing a hole transporting material and an organic photodiode. The hole transporting material of the present invention can has a good match with an electron donor material of an active layer, so that the organic photodiode including the hole transporting material said above can have better power conversion efficiency.

An artificial indoor photovoltaic cell and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The artificial indoor photovoltaic cell includes: a transparent electrode; an electron transport layer formed on the transparent electrode layer; a photoactive layer formed on the electron transport layer and including a donor layer and an acceptor layer that generate an exciton by indoor light and separate the exciton into positive and negative charges; and a charge transport layer formed on the photoactive layer and made of a material homogenous with the donor layer.

An artificial indoor photovoltaic cell and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The artificial indoor photovoltaic cell includes: a transparent electrode; an electron transport layer formed on the transparent electrode layer; a photoactive layer formed on the electron transport layer and including a donor layer and an acceptor layer that generate an exciton by indoor light and separate the exciton into positive and negative charges; and a charge transport layer formed on the photoactive layer and made of a material homogenous with the donor layer.

The present disclosure provides an energy down-conversion system that receives energy from the outside and converts it into low energy, including a multifunctional emitting compound.