Methods for constructing multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) antenna arrays, may include: variable doping of the MWCNTs, forming light pipes with layers of variable dielectric glass, forming geometric diodes on full-wave rectified devices that propagate both electrons and holes, using clear conductive ground plans to form windows that can control a building's internal temperature, and generating multiple lithographic patterns with a single mask.

Disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound having general formula (I) or (II) wherein—Z represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a selenium atom; or an NR.sub.6 group wherein R.sub.6 is selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkyl groups, or from optionally substituted aryl groups;—R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom; or are selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkyl groups optionally containing heteroatoms, optionally substituted cycloalkyl groups, optionally substituted aryl groups, optionally substituted linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkoxy groups, optionally substituted phenoxy groups, or a cyano group; or R.sub.1, R.sub.2, may optionally be bound together to form, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound, a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, cyclic or polycyclic system containing from 3 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms such as, for example, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, selenium;—or R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, may optionally be bound together so as to form, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound, a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, cyclic or polycyclic system containing from 3 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms such as, for example, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, selenium;—R.sub.4, identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom; or are selected from linear or branched, preferably linear, C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkyl groups;—R.sub.5, identical or different, are selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, optionally substituted cycloalkyl groups;—n and m, identical or different, are 0 or 1, provided that at least one of n and m is 1. Said diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound having general formula (I), as such or after (co)polymerization, and said disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound having general formula (II) as such, may be advantageously used as spectrum converters in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), which are in turn able to improve the performance of photovoltaic devices (or solar devices) selected, for example, from photovoltaic cells (or solar cells), photovoltaic modules (or solar modules), on both rigid and flexible supports.

##STR00001##

The photoelectric conversion element includes a surface electrode, a backside electrode, a light absorption layer disposed between the surface electrode and the backside electrode, and a hole transport layer disposed between the backside electrode and the light absorption layer. The light absorption layer contains a conical or elliptical conical crystal. The crystal has a perovskite layer containing a perovskite compound. The hole transport layer contains an inorganic material. A solar battery module includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements connected in series. The photoelectric conversion elements are the aforementioned photoelectric conversion element.

An emitter interconnection connecting the emitter of a semiconductor switching element to a negative electrode is different in one or both of length and width from an emitter interconnection connecting the emitter of a semiconductor switching element to the negative electrode. At the time of switching, an induced electromotive force is generated at a gate control wire, or at a gate pattern, or at an emitter wire, by at least one of a current flowing through a positive electrode and a current flowing through the negative electrode, so as to reduce the difference between the emitter potential of the semiconductor switching element and the emitter potential of the semiconductor switching element caused by the difference.

Visually undistorted thin film electronic devices are provided. In one embodiment, a method for producing a thin-film electronic device comprises: opening a scribe in a stack of thin film material layers deposited on a substrate to define an active region and an inactive region of the thin-film electronic device, the stack comprising at least one active semiconductor layer. The active region comprises a non-scribed area of the stack and the inactive region comprises a region of the stack where thin film material was removed by the scribe. The method further comprises depositing at least one scribe fill material into a gap opened by the scribe. The scribe fill material has embedded therein one or more coloring elements that alter an optical characteristics spectrum of the inactive region to obtain an optical characteristics spectrum of the active region within a minimum perceptible difference for an industry defined standard observer.

An organic photoelectric conversion device includes first and second organic photoelectric conversion elements which convert light into electrical energy. The first and second organic photoelectric conversion elements are disposed to be stacked in this order along an incident direction of the light. The first organic photoelectric conversion element includes a first element main body including a first substrate, first and second transparent electrodes, and an organic photoelectric conversion unit having sensitivity in a first wavelength band of the light, and a first protective film that covers the first element main body. The second organic photoelectric conversion element includes a second element main body including a second substrate, a third transparent electrode, an electrode, and an organic photoelectric conversion unit having sensitivity in a second wavelength band of the light, and a second protective film that covers the second element main body.

A method for constructing a solar rectenna array by growing carbon nanotube antennas between lines of metal, and subsequently applying a bias voltage on the carbon nanotube antennas to convert the diodes on the tips of the carbon nanotube antennas from metal oxide carbon diodes to geometric diodes. Techniques for preserving the converted diodes by adding additional oxide are also described.

A solar cell system and a flexible solar panel are disclosed herein. The solar cell system includes a glass housing, a set of rows of solar cells each defining a front side and a rear side and arranged within the glass housing. The solar cell system can also include a reflective element disposed in the glass housing and facing the rear side of the set of rows of solar cells and a first terminal coupled to a first end of the set of rows of solar cells, traversing through and sealed against the first end of the glass housing. The solar cell system can be configured with other solar cell systems into the flexible solar panel that is deployable in a wide range of potential applications.

Disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (1): in which:—Z represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a selenium atom; or an NR.sub.5 group in which R.sub.5 is selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkyl groups, or from optionally substituted aryl groups;—R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are as defined in the claims. The said disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (I) can advantageously be used as a spectrum converter in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) which are in turn capable of improving the performance of photovoltaic devices (or solar devices) selected, for example, from photovoltaic cells (or solar cells), photovoltaic modules (or solar modules) on either a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate. ##STR00001##

The invention relates to organic components for converting light into electrical energy, comprising integrated bypass diodes, which are integrated into the optoelectronic stack, in order to increase the efficiency and the service life of the optoelectronic component in the case of partial shading/shading of individual cells or cell segments. Said components can also be produced for large-area applications in the roll-to-roll method.