A photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; a third electrode; a photoelectric conversion part in which the first electrode, the hole blocking layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, and the second electrode are stacked; an electrode contact part in which the second electrode is in contact with the third electrode; and a division part dividing the photoelectric conversion part and the electrode contact part, wherein an area (S1) where the second electrode is in contact with the third electrode in the electrode contact part and an area (S2) of the photoelectric conversion part satisfy expression (1) below: 1.0×10.sup.−5≤100×(S1/S2) . . . expression (1).

Disclosures of the present invention mainly describe a method for manufacturing perovskite solar cell module. At first, a laser scribing is adopted for forming multi transparent conductive films (TCFs) on a transparent substrate. Subsequently, by using a first mask, multi HTLs, active layers, and ETLs are sequentially formed on the TCFs. Consequently, by the use of a second make, each of the ETLs is formed with an electrically connecting layer thereon, such that a perovskite solar cell module comprising a plurality of solar cell units is hence completed on the transparent substrate. It is worth explaining that, during the whole manufacturing process, each of the solar cell units is prevented from receiving bad influences that are provided by laser scribing or manufacture environment, such that each of the solar cell units is able to exhibit outstanding photoelectric conversion efficiency.

The invention concerns a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module comprising at least two electrically connected photovoltaic cells, each photovoltaic cell (4.sub.i) being multi-layered structure disposed on a substrate (6) having down-web direction (X) and a cross-web direction (Y). The method comprises providing a plurality of spaced-apart first electrode strips (8.sub.i) over the substrate (6), each first electrode strip extending along the cross-web direction (Y), and providing, over the first electrode strips layer, at least one insulating strip (14a, 14b) of an insulator material extending along the down-web direction (X), each insulating strip defining a connecting area and an active area. A functional stack (20) comprising a full web coated layer of photoactive semiconductor material is formed over the first layer and within the active area. A plurality of spaced-apart second electrode strips (28.sub.i) are provided within the active area, each second electrode strip extending along the cross-web direction (Y), so as to form photovoltaic cells and a photovoltaic module is formed by electrically connecting at least two adjacent photovoltaic cells, by extending over the insulating strips (14a, 14b) electrical connection patterns to electrically connect, within the connecting area(s), the second electrode strip of an photovoltaic cell to the first electrode strip of an adjacent photovoltaic cell.

A photoelectric conversion element may include a first substrate, a first transparent electrode disposed on the first substrate, a hole-blocking layer disposed on the first transparent electrode, an electron-transporting layer that is disposed on the hole-blocking layer and includes an electron-transporting semiconductor on a surface of which a photosensitizing compound is adsorbed, a hole-transporting layer that is connected to the electron-transporting layer and includes a hole-transporting material, and a second electrode disposed on the hole-transporting layer, wherein the photoelectric conversion element includes an output extraction terminal part configured to extract electricity out from the photoelectric conversion element, and the output extraction terminal part is formed with a plurality of micropores piercing through the hole-blocking layer.

This composition for a hole collecting layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element contains: a charge-transporting substance comprising a polyaniline derivative represented by formula (1); a fluorine-based surfactant; and a solvent. The composition provides a thin film suitable for a hole collecting layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element, and is particularly suited for producing an inverse lamination type organic photoelectric conversion element.

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(In the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, etc., but one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is a sulfonic acid group, one or more of the remaining R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are a C1-20 alkoxy group, a C1-20 thioalkoxy group, a C1-20 alkyl group, a C2-20 alkenyl group, a C2-20 alkynyl group, a C1-20 haloalkyl group, a C6-20 aryl group, or a C7-20 aralkyl group, and m and n are numbers which satisfy 0≤m≤1, 0≤n≤1 and m+n=1.)

Methods and devices for forming painted circuits using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate (111) and one or more paint layer (106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 120, 122) applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers includes a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

A solar cell includes elements, a connecting portion, and a transparent portion. The elements include first and second elements arrayed in a first direction. The transparent portion is located between the connecting portion and the second element. Each of the elements includes first and second electrode layers and a semiconductor layer interposed between the first and second electrode layers. Between the first element and the second element, their first electrode layers sandwich a first gap and their second electrode layers sandwich a second gap shifted in the first direction from the first gap. The connecting portion electrically connects the second electrode layer of the first element to the first electrode layer of the second element. The transparent portion is located between the second electrode layer of the first element and the first electrode layer of the second element at a position shifted in the first direction from the connecting portion.

An organic photoelectric conversion device includes first and second organic photoelectric conversion elements which convert light into electrical energy. The first and second organic photoelectric conversion elements are disposed to be stacked in this order along an incident direction of the light. The first organic photoelectric conversion element includes a first element main body including a first substrate, first and second transparent electrodes, and an organic photoelectric conversion unit having sensitivity in a first wavelength band of the light, and a first protective film that covers the first element main body. The second organic photoelectric conversion element includes a second element main body including a second substrate, a third transparent electrode, an electrode, and an organic photoelectric conversion unit having sensitivity in a second wavelength band of the light, and a second protective film that covers the second element main body.

An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a substrate, an active element, a first insulation layer, and a detection element. The active element is disposed on the substrate. The first insulation layer is disposed on the active element. The detection element is disposed on the first insulation layer. The detection element comprises a lower electrode, an active layer and an upper electrode, and the lower electrode is a part of a conductive layer. The first insulation layer has a recess, and the recess does not overlap with the conductive layer in the normal direction of the substrate.

Disclosed is a bus stop using a large-scale perovskite solar cell in which a perovskite solar cell is prepared using a hybrid structure including a graphene-carbon nanotube. The bus stop includes a body unit fixed to the ground to maintain the overall shape, a solar cell unit for producing electrical energy from sunlight, and an energy storage system (ESS) for storing the electrical energy produced by the solar cell part.