According to an embodiment, a detection element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an organic conversion layer, and a third electrode. A bias is applied to the first electrode. The organic conversion layer is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and is configured to convert energy of a radiation into an electric charge. The third electrode is arranged in the organic conversion layer.

The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion apparatus which includes a semiconductor substrate, signal output units disposed on the semiconductor substrate, a plurality of photoelectric conversion layers disposed on a surface of the substrate, and an upper electrode in this order. The photoelectric conversion apparatus further includes insulation layers which are disposed between the plurality of photoelectric conversion layers and which have lines connected to power supply units. The upper electrode and the lines are electrically connected to each other on side surfaces of the insulation layers.

An emitter interconnection connecting the emitter of a semiconductor switching element to a negative electrode is different in one or both of length and width from an emitter interconnection connecting the emitter of a semiconductor switching element to the negative electrode. At the time of switching, an induced electromotive force is generated at a gate control wire, or at a gate pattern, or at an emitter wire, by at least one of a current flowing through a positive electrode and a current flowing through the negative electrode, so as to reduce the difference between the emitter potential of the semiconductor switching element and the emitter potential of the semiconductor switching element caused by the difference.

An organic solar cell includes a substrate; a first electrode; a second electrode disposed opposite the first electrode; a photoactive layer that is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and that comprises n-type organic semiconductor material and p-type organic semiconductor material; and an intermediate layer that is disposed on at least one surface of the photoactive layer and that contains a compound represented by Formula 1 below: ##STR00001## where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, a carbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, an amino group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphoryl group, straight-chain or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.7 alkyl groups, and straight-chain or branched C.sub.8-C.sub.20 alkyl groups, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 are not all the same. The organic solar cells have enhanced photostability due to introduction of the intermediate layer.

Stable perovskite films having substantially-no phase transition within a predetermined temperature range are disclosed. In the films, formation of carrier traps is suppressed. Thermally stable perovskite solar cells and light-emitting devices using the films are also disclosed.

A tandem-type photoelectric conversion device includes, arranged in the following order from a light-incident side: a first photoelectric conversion unit; an anti-reflection layer; a transparent conductive layer; and a second photoelectric conversion unit. The first photoelectric conversion unit includes a light absorbing layer including a photosensitive material of perovskite-type crystal structure represented by general formula R.sup.1NH.sub.3M.sup.1X.sub.3 or HC(NH.sub.2).sub.2M.sup.1X.sub.3, wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, M.sup.1 is a divalent metal ion, and X is a halogen. The second photoelectric conversion unit includes a light absorbing layer having a bandgap narrower than a bandgap of the light absorbing layer in the first photoelectric conversion unit. The anti-reflection layer and the transparent conductive layer are in contact with each other, and a refractive index of the anti-reflection layer is lower than a refractive index of the transparent conductive layer.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a redox battery system comprising a three dimensional array of a plurality of nano-batteries and a hydrogen power system comprising a nano-array of hydrogen paper, a heat source and a water source, wherein the hydrogen paper attracts hydrogen from the water source. Further embodiments can include a solar power system comprising an array of a plurality of nano-solar cells and an ionic diode power system comprising two electrodes separated by a polycarbonate membrane, two borophene electric charge capture devices, and a capacitor stack. Additional embodiment can include a power supply controller providing power to a linear amplifier using the redox battery system and causing recharging of the redox battery system utilizing the hydrogen power system, the solar power system, the ionic diode power system, or a combination thereof, to provide charge to the redox battery system. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Thin-film solar cell modules and serial cell-to-cell interconnect structures and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, solar cell module and interconnect includes a conformal transport layer over a subcell layer. The conformal transport layer may also laterally surround an outside perimeter the subcell layer.

Thin-film solar cell modules and serial cell-to-cell interconnect structures and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, solar cell module and interconnect includes a conformal transport layer over a subcell layer. The conformal transport layer may also laterally surround an outside perimeter the subcell layer.

The invention is directed to a photovoltaic apparatus comprising a carrier substrate. The carrier substrate carries printed structures comprising: a plurality of photovoltaic modules, each module including first and second terminals and a plurality of photovoltaic cells electrically connected between the first and second module terminals; a first bus bar extending along one side of the photovoltaic modules; a second bus bar extending along an opposite side of the photovoltaic modules; and a plurality of intermodule rails, each inter-module rail being associated with a photovoltaic module. The apparatus includes a plurality of selectively configurable junctions, one or more of the junctions being configurable to enable a photovoltaic module to be selectively connected to or disconnected from an adjacent photovoltaic module via one or more inter-module rails, and/or enable a module terminal to selectively connect with or disconnect from one of the first and second bus bars, such that the photovoltaic modules can be selectively electrically connected in series and/or parallel on demand.