The present invention provides a kind of flexible transparent-semitransparent hybrid solar window membrane modules. A module comprises a series of thin film transparent organic polymer solar cells, semitransparent perovskite solar cells, or hybrid of them. Both types of the solar cells are deposited onto a flexible transparent polymer membrane substrate. Those visibly transparent polymer solar cells contain a UV- and/or NIR-sensitive polymer layer to allow most visible light transmitted and semitransparent perovskite solar cells allows some portion of visible light transmitting. The resultant modules obtain benefits of transparency from the polymer cells and high efficiency from the perovskite ones. Both groups of the solar cells on one module have to be interconnected respectively. Two interconnection methods, the 3P scribing process and conductive strip connection, have been utilized. The modules are encapsulated with transparent materials to increase their lifetimes. These flexible solar window membrane modules can be adhered onto the glass windows of commercial buildings and family houses through electrostatic adsorption as solar energy sources. The modules used outdoors may be interconnected one another wired or wireless via resonant inductive coupling technology.

According to example embodiments, a method includes dispersing carbon nanotubes in a mixed solution containing a solvent, the carbon nanotubes, and a dispersant, the carbon nanotubes including semiconducting carbon nanotubes, the dispersant comprising a polythiophene derivative including a thiophene ring and a hydrocarbon sidechain linked to the thiophene ring. The hydrocarbon sidechain includes an alkyl group containing a carbon number of 7 or greater. The hydrocarbon sidechain may be regioregularly arranged, and the semiconducting carbon nanotubes are selectively separated from the mixed solution. An electronic device includes semiconducting carbon nanotubes and the foregoing described polythiophene derivative.

A photovoltaic device comprises plural layers separated into plural cells, each comprising a region of a photoactive layer and electrodes on opposite sides thereof. Each of the regions of the photoactive layer are formed comprising a first part that comprises photoactive material and a second part that is not photoactive and that has a greater transmittance of visible light than the light absorbing photoactive material, in pre-selected locations, or in a pre-selected distribution of locations, across the region of the photoactive layer. One of the first and second parts are located in plural separate areas within the other of the first and second parts. The transparency of the photovoltaic device is increased by the transmission of light through the second part that is not photoactive.

A solar cell system includes a solar cell that includes a first electrode, a second electrode that faces the first electrode, and a light absorbing layer that is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and converts light into charges; a power supply that applies voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a voltage controller. The light absorbing layer contains a compound having a perovskite crystal structure represented by AMX.sub.3 where A represents a monovalent cation, M represents a divalent cation, and X represents a halogen anion. The voltage controller controls the voltage of the power supply so that during a first period of non-power generation, an electric current of 1 ?A/cm.sup.2 or more and 100 ?A/cm.sup.2 or less flows in the light absorbing layer in a direction opposite to a direction in which an electric current flows during power generation.

A solar cell includes elements, a connecting portion, and a transparent portion. The elements include first and second elements arrayed in a first direction. The transparent portion is located between the connecting portion and the second element. Each of the elements includes first and second electrode layers and a semiconductor layer interposed between the first and second electrode layers. Between the first element and the second element, their first electrode layers sandwich a first gap and their second electrode layers sandwich a second gap shifted in the first direction from the first gap. The connecting portion electrically connects the second electrode layer of the first element to the first electrode layer of the second element. The transparent portion is located between the second electrode layer of the first element and the first electrode layer of the second element at a position shifted in the first direction from the connecting portion.

Processes and formulations for manufacturing a painted circuit are disclosed. In some implementations, a painted circuit can be manufactured using a process including providing a substrate and applying one or more paint layers on a surface of the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

Painted circuit devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. In some implementations, painted circuit devices are created using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layer applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

Proposed is a method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell module encapsulated with a self-cleaning thin film by using an inkjet printing process. The method includes a boundary line forming step and a micro lens forming step. The boundary line forming step is to form boundary lines on the surface of an organic or inorganic film surrounding a perovskite solar cell array by an inkjet printing process, and the micro lens forming step is to form a micro lens array on the surface of the organic or inorganic film surrounding the perovskite solar cell array such that each of the micro lenses is surrounded by the boundary line. The boundary line is first formed to demarcate regions corresponding to the respective micro lenses, and the micro lenses are then formed in the regions surrounded by the boundary line, so that micro lenses with a high aspect ratio are densely formed.

Proposed is a method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell module encapsulated with a self-cleaning thin film by using an inkjet printing process. The method includes a boundary line forming step and a micro lens forming step. The boundary line forming step is to form boundary lines on the surface of an organic or inorganic film surrounding a perovskite solar cell array by an inkjet printing process, and the micro lens forming step is to form a micro lens array on the surface of the organic or inorganic film surrounding the perovskite solar cell array such that each of the micro lenses is surrounded by the boundary line. The boundary line is first formed to demarcate regions corresponding to the respective micro lenses, and the micro lenses are then formed in the regions surrounded by the boundary line, so that micro lenses with a high aspect ratio are densely formed.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of producing a photovoltaic apparatus. The method includes the steps of providing a substrate; forming a first conducting electrode layer on the substrate; forming a first charge selective layer at least partially over the first conducting electrode layer; forming a photoactive layer at least partially over the first charge selective layer; forming a second charge selective layer at least partially over the photoactive layer; removing portions the formed layers at predetermined intervals along the substrate creating discrete layer sections partially forming individual photovoltaic modules; and printing a second conducting electrode layer partially over the discrete layer sections and substrate to form a plurality of photovoltaic modules, each photovoltaic module having first and second module terminals, a plurality of inter-module rails, each inter-module rail being located between adjacent photovoltaic modules, a first bus bar extending along one side of the photovoltaic modules, and a second bus bar extending along an opposite side of the photovoltaic modules.