A light distribution of light from a light-emitting device (10) has a higher luminous intensity in a first direction (D1) compared to a reference direction (R), the first direction (D1) being different from the reference direction (R). The reference direction (R) is a center direction of the light distribution, for example, a direction along the thickness direction of a substrate (100), a direction along the width direction of each layer (for example, an EML (126)) of a resonator (150), or a normal direction of a second surface (104) of the substrate (100). In addition, the light distribution has a higher luminous intensity in a second direction (D2) compared to the reference direction (R), the second direction (D2) being on an opposite side of the first direction (D1) with respect to the reference direction (R).

A high-resolution or high-definition display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a first light-emitting device, a second light-emitting device, a first insulating layer, and a first layer. The first light-emitting device includes a first pixel electrode, a first light-emitting layer over the first pixel electrode, and a common electrode over the first light-emitting layer; the second light-emitting device includes a second pixel electrode, a second light-emitting layer over the second pixel electrode, and the common electrode over the second light-emitting layer; the first light-emitting layer covers the side surface of the first pixel electrode; the second light-emitting layer covers the side surface of the second pixel electrode; the first layer is positioned over the first light-emitting layer; in a cross-sectional view, one end portion of the first layer is aligned or substantially aligned with an end portion of the first light-emitting layer and the other end portion of the first layer is positioned over the first light-emitting layer; the first insulating layer covers the top surface of the first layer, the side surface of the first light-emitting layer, and the side surface of the second light-emitting layer; and the common electrode is positioned over the first insulating layer.

A material of an electron transport layer is provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure, wherein the electron transport layer material is a nanocomposite material formed of multiple carrier transport materials with different refractive indexes, and the refractive indexes of the multiple carrier transport materials increase or decrease along one direction, and refractive indexes of two adjacent carrier transport materials differ by more than 0.2.

A higher-definition or higher-resolution display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a first light-emitting device, a second light-emitting device, a first insulating layer, a first coloring layer, and a second coloring layer. The first light-emitting device includes a first pixel electrode, a first light-emitting layer over the first pixel electrode, and a common electrode over the first light-emitting layer. The second light-emitting device includes a second pixel electrode, a second light-emitting layer over the second pixel electrode, and the common electrode over the second light-emitting layer. The first insulating layer covers side surfaces of the first pixel electrode, the second pixel electrode, the first light-emitting layer, and the second light-emitting layer. The first coloring layer is placed to overlap with the first light-emitting device. The second coloring layer is placed to overlap with the second light-emitting device. The first light-emitting device and the second light-emitting device have a function of emitting white light. The first coloring layer and the second coloring layer have a function of transmitting visible light of different colors.

An organic electroluminescence device includes an anode, an emitting layer, and a cathode in this order. The emitting layer contains a compound, including a structure including a first partial structure of formula (3-100) and a second partial structure of formula (3-1A), mutually bonded in one molecule:

##STR00001##

In formula (3-100), D.sub.1 to D.sub.3 are each a deuterium atom, or one of D.sub.1 to D.sub.8 is a single bond to another atom/structure in the molecule, and remaining D.sub.1 to D.sub.8 are each a deuterium atom, and R.sub.310 is a single bond bonded to the second partial structure. In formula (3-1A), one of R.sub.301 to R.sub.306 is a single bond bonded to the first partial structure, and remaining R301 to R306 not being bonded to the first partial structure are independently H, a substituent, or a single bond bonded to another atom/structure in the molecule.

A light-emitting element includes an anode electrode, a QD layer containing QDs, and a cathode electrode, in which the QDs are Cd-free quantum dots having a core-shell structure including a core containing at least Ag, Ga, and at least one of S and Se, and a shell containing at least Zn, and exhibit fluorescence characteristics with a fluorescence full-width at half-maximum of 40 nm or less and a fluorescence quantum yield percentage of 70% or more.

A high-definition and high-resolution display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a first light-emitting device, a second light-emitting device, an insulating layer, and a first sidewall. The first light-emitting device includes a first pixel electrode, a first light-emitting layer over the first pixel electrode, and a common electrode over the first light-emitting layer. The second light-emitting device includes a second pixel electrode, a second light-emitting layer over the second pixel electrode, and the common electrode over the second light-emitting layer. Each of an end portion of the first pixel electrode and an end portion of the second pixel electrode is covered with the insulating layer. The first sidewall is positioned over the insulating layer and covers a side surface of the first light-emitting layer.

Organic light emitting materials and devices comprising phosphorescent metal complexes comprising ligands comprising aryl or heteroaryl groups substituted at both ortho positions are described. An organic light emitting device, comprising: an anode; a hole transport layer; an organic emissive layer comprising an emissive layer host and an emissive dopant; an electron impeding layer; an electron transport layer; and a cathode disposed, in that order, over a substrate.

The present specification relates to a multicyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same. The multicyclic compound of Chemical Formula 1 used in one or more organic material layers of the organic light emitting device provides enhanced efficiency, decreased driving voltage and enhanced lifespan property of the organic light emitting device.

There is disclosed an electroactive composition including (a) a host compound having Formula I

##STR00001##

and (b) a photoactive dopant. In Formula I: R.sup.1 is the same or different at each occurrence and is D, alkyl, silyl, germyl, deuterated alkyl, deuterated silyl, or deuterated germyl; a is an integer from 0-7; b is an integer from 0-8; c is an integer from 0-4; and d is an integer from 0-7.