A long-length circularly polarizing plate including: a polarizing film; a ?/2 plate having a slow axis in a direction forming an angle of 22.5??10? relative to an absorption axis of the polarizing film; and a plate having a slow axis in a direction forming an angle of 90??20? relative to an absorption axis of the polarizing film, in this order, wherein the ?/2 plate and the ?/4 plate have different wavelength dispersions, and an NZ factor of the ?/4 plate NZq satisfies NZq?0.0.

A method for producing an organic EL device having an anode, a cathode, at least one organic functional layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, and a sealing layer, comprising a step of forming the anode, a step of forming the cathode, a step of forming the at least one organic functional layer and a step of forming the sealing layer, wherein the average concentration: A (ppm) of a nitrogen oxide to which the organic EL device during production is exposed from initiation time of the step of forming the at least one organic functional layer until termination time of the step of forming the sealing layer and the exposure time thereof: B (sec) satisfy the formula (1-1):
0?A?B<12(1-1).

A volumetric type three-dimensional display device can include a plurality of voxels having a polyhedron shape laminated three-dimensionally. A unit display panel in which an organic electroluminescent device and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal device are laminated from the outside is configured on at least one surface of the polyhedron shape of the voxels.

Provided is an organic electroluminescence device (organic EL device) that is driven at a low voltage, exhibits high luminous efficiency and has a long service life. The organic EL device contains one or more light emitting layers and one or more electron transport layers between opposing anode and cathode, wherein at least one of the electron transport layers contains a an indolocarbazole compound represented by general formula (1) below and an electron donor. In the formula, ring A represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by formula (1a), ring B represents a heterocyclic ring represented by formula (1b), L represents a single bond or aromatic hydrocarbon group, X represents N or CAr.sup.1 and at least one of X represents N, and Y and Ar.sup.1 represent a hydrogen atom, aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group.

The present disclosure relates to a light-emitting diode (LED) in which an organic compound including an imidazolium-based cationic moiety and an amine-based anionic moiety substituted with a strong electron-withdrawing group such as a sulfonyl group or a cyano group is applied to a hole transfer layer, and a light-emitting device. By applying the organic compound according to the present disclosure to the hole transfer layer, an energy barrier between the hole transport layer and an emitting material layer is removed, and an LED having improved hole transport properties can be designed. Therefore, it is possible to realize and manufacture an LED and a light-emitting device, driven at a low voltage and having improved luminous efficiency.

A polymer compound comprising a structural unit represented by the formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein a ring A and a ring B represent a heterocyclic ring. A ring C represents a condensed aromatic heterocyclic ring not having a line-symmetric axis and a rotational axis. Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 represent a group represented by the formula (Z-1), a group represented by the formula (Z-2), a group represented by the formula (Z-3), a group represented by the formula (Z-4), a group represented by the formula (Z-5), a group represented by the formula (Z-6) or a group represented by the formula (Z-7). ##STR00002## R represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkoxy group, an alkylthio group, a cycloalkylthio group, an aryl group or a monovalent heterocyclic group.].

The present invention provides a planar light source and an illumination apparatus which have higher design property than that of conventional ones. The planar light source includes: a planar light emitting panel which has a light emitting surface; and a decorative member which covers the light emitting surface of the planar light emitting panel. A light emitting region which emits light when the planar light source is turned on and a non-light-emitting frame region which surrounds the light emitting region are provided on the light emitting surface. The decorative member has a pattern forming section. The pattern forming section includes a frame shielding section which covers entirety of the frame region in the front view, and a light-emission shielding section which extends from the frame shielding section so as to divide the light emitting region into a plurality of regions.

Provided is a fluorine atom-containing compound represented by formula (1) below

##STR00001##

(In the formula, Z represents a predetermined divalent group, each Ar independently represents a predetermined aromatic ring-containing group, and each Ar.sup.F independently represents a predetermined fluorine atom-containing aryl group).

A condensed cyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same are disclosed. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a condensed cyclic compound is represented by Formula 1:

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to an organic charge transport layer having a low refractive index, and to an organic EL device, an organic semiconductor device, and an organic photoelectric device which are provided with the organic charge transport layer. An object of the present invention is to provide an organic semiconductor thin film having a dramatically reduced refractive index without impairing conductivity, by mixing a predetermined amount of an electret material into an organic semiconductor material. The organic charge transport layer according to the present invention is characterized by containing an organic semiconductor material and an electret material. It is preferable that the organic semiconductor material is a hole transport material and the electret material has a refractive index of 1.5 or lower.