An organic EL device includes a pair of electrodes and an organic compound layer between pair of electrodes. The organic compound layer includes an emitting layer including a first material, a second material and a third material, in which singlet energy EgS(H) of the first material, singlet energy EgS(H2) of the second material, and singlet energy EgS(D) of the third material satisfy a specific relationship.

A thin film transistor array substrate includes a thin film transistor including a first gate electrode, an active layer, a source electrode, and a drain electrode. A first conductive layer pattern is on a same layer as the source electrode and the drain electrode and formed of a same material as the source electrode and the drain electrode. An insulating layer is on the first conductive layer pattern and has an opening exposing a patterning cross-section of the first conductive layer pattern. A pixel electrode is on the insulating layer and is coupled to the source electrode or the drain electrode through a contact hole passing through the insulating layer. A diffusion prevention layer covers the patterning cross-section of the first conductive layer pattern and inclined side surfaces of the insulating layer exposed through the opening.

Methods of metal-catalyzed polymerization are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III): wherein R.sup.3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C.sub.1-10alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z.sup. is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerization.

A light emission material includes a first compound satisfying Equation 1:
K20.1K1.Equation 1
In Equation 1, K1 is a sum of radiationless transition rate due to internal conversion from a certain specific n-th triplet excitation state to a lower order triplet excitation state including the lowest triplet excitation state, K2 is a reverse intersystem crossing transition rate from the certain specific n-th triplet excitation state to a singlet excitation state which is adjacent to the n-th triplet excitation state, and n is an integer of 2 or more. An organic electroluminescence device including the light emission material may simultaneously attain high emission efficiency and roll-off reduction.

A polarizing plate that, when being applied to an apparatus in which at least one of a display element or a visible light imaging element and an infrared light sensing system are combined, detection performance of the infrared light sensing system is excellent, and display performance is excellent when the apparatus includes the display element or imaging performance is excellent when the apparatus includes the imaging element; an apparatus; a head-mounted display; an organic electroluminescent display device; and an imaging system. In the polarizing plate, an average transmittance at a wavelength of 400 to 700 nm is 70% or more, a maximum value of a polarization degree at a wavelength of 800 to 1500 nm is 80% or more, and when a wavelength at which the polarization degree is the maximum value is defined as a wavelength 1, a transmittance T(1) at the wavelength 1 satisfies predetermined relationships.

In a display device including a light-emitting element layer formed on a thin film transistor layer, the light-emitting element layer includes pixel electrodes, a cover film, a light-emitting layer, and a common electrode. The pixel electrodes each include a flat first portion overlapping with the light-emitting layer and a second portion surrounding the first portion. The first portion protrudes toward the light-emitting layer compared to the second portion. The cover film covers the second portion and causes the first portion to expose. An upper face of the first portion and an upper face of the cover film form a flush planar face.

The present disclosure relates to an organic compound, an electronic element and an electronic apparatus. The structure of the organic compound is as shown in Formula 1. The organic compound can improve the performance of the electronic element and the electronic apparatus.

##STR00001##

Embodiments are related to the field of organic electroluminescent materials, and in particular to a compound and a use thereof in an organic optoelectronic device. The chemical structure of the compound is as shown in formula (I). The compound is applied to an organic device, which enables the device to have high hole mobility, and to effectively prevent electrons and excitons from entering a hole transport layer, thereby improving the efficiency of the device. In addition, the molecule has high stability, which further improves the light-emitting efficiency and the service life of the device.

##STR00001##

A method for sealing an organic EL element, the method including: a step in which a stress relaxation layer is formed by at least applying a polymer material that contains an organic group in the structure to a base material, on which an organic EL element is provided, so as to cover the organic EL element; and a step in which a barrier layer is formed by at least applying an inorganic material to the stress relaxation layer, thereby forming a multilayer sealing film that comprises the stress relaxation layer and the barrier layer.

A compound represented by the following general formula is useful as an electron barrier material. R.sup.1 to R.sup.21 each are H, a deuterium atom, or a substituent except a cyano group; X represents O or S.

##STR00001##