An apparatus for manufacturing an organic material includes an outer tube including an internal accommodating space, and at least one loading inner tube and at least one collecting inner tube disposed in the accommodation space, the loading inner tube including a mesh boat disposed in a first direction in which the loading inner tube extends.

The present invention relates to metal complexes which are substituted by aromatic and icylic aliphatic substituents and are suitable for use as emitters in organic electroluminescent devices. The electronic devices of the invention, especially organic electroluminescent devices, are notable for advantages that are not accompanied by a deterioration in the further electronic properties. The invention provides a compound of the following formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein B is a group of the following formula (2): ##STR00002##

Embodiments provide a method for refining an organic material. The method for refining an organic material includes a recovery process of recovering a contaminated organic material, a first refining process of separating a primary refined material from the contaminated organic material by using a first organic solvent, and a second refining process of separating a secondary refined material from the primary refined material by using a second organic solvent that is different from the first organic solvent. In the method for refining an organic material, the primary refined material and the secondary refined material may each be separated and refined through a filter filled with a filler containing at least one of diatomaceous earth, white clay, and red clay.

Provided are a compound of Formula 1 that can improve the luminous efficiency, stability, and lifespan of an organic electronic element, a composition comprising the same and an organic electronic element using the same, and an electronic device thereof.

An apparatus for manufacturing an organic material includes an outer tube including an internal accommodating space, and at least one loading inner tube and at least one collecting inner tube disposed in the accommodation space, the loading inner tube including a mesh boat disposed in a first direction in which the loading inner tube extends.

A luminescent material comprises a perovskite crystal, a di(meth)acrylate compound of Formula 1 and an aminosilane compound or dispersant:

##STR00001## wherein each E is independently H or CH.sub.3; each G is independently a branched or unbranched C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkanediyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkanediyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 L.sup.5; J is phosphate [OP(O)(OQ.sup.1)O], phosphonate [[OP(O)(OQ.sup.1)] carbonate [OC(O)O], sulfonate [OS(O).sub.2] or sulfate [OS(O).sub.2O]; wherein Q.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, branched or unbranched C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl and C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkenyl; each L.sup.5 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, OH, SH, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkenyl, or [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2].sub.nOQ.sup.2; wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10, and
each Q.sup.2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, branched or unbranched C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl and C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkenyl.

A universal treatment solution, a treatment method and use of a perovskite layer are provided. The universal treatment solution includes a polar solvent and a non-polar solvent; the polar solvent includes amino and/or sulfonate. The treatment method includes: providing a perovskite layer; allowing the perovskite layer to be in contact with the universal treatment solution for a modified treatment; and removing the universal treatment solution. The universal treatment solution and treatment method can significantly improve the performance of a perovskite material. Since the principle of action does not change as the type and composition of the perovskite material change, the universal treatment solution and treatment method have a significant effect on the current perovskite material of almost all components. Meanwhile, the universal treatment solution has extremely strong reactivity, thus, the treatment method is extremely short in treatment time and has low requirements on treatment temperature and treatment devices.

The present invention relates to metal complexes which are substituted by aromatic and bicydic aliphatic substituents and are suitable for use as emitters in organic electroluminescent devices. The electronic devices of the invention, especially organic electroluminescent devices, are notable for advantages that are not accompanied by a deterioration in the further electronic properties. The invention provides a compound of the following formula (1):

##STR00001## wherein B is a group of the following formula (2):

##STR00002##