A light-emitting element includes: a cathode; an anode; an EML provided between the cathode and the anode; and an ETL provided between the cathode and the EML. The ETL contains, on an interface at least to the EML, metal oxide nano particles and a polymer chemically bonding to a surface of the metal oxide nano particles. The polymer contains a main chain of a polysiloxane bond and a side chain of an organic group.

Disclosed herein are surface-modified electron transport layers (“ETLs”) of organic light-emitting diodes (“OLEDs”). The ETLs comprise a ring-opening reaction product between a nitrogen-containing heterocycle of the ETL and an optionally substituted three-membered ring, such as an oxiranyl ring, an aziridinyl ring, or a thiiranyl ring, and methods of making the surface-modified ETLs.

Described herein are solar cells, comprising: an active layer comprising a perovskite composition, wherein the perovskite composition comprises lead; and, a lead-absorbing material. In certain embodiments, the lead-absorbing material is an ion exchange material. The lead absorbing material helps prevent lead leakage in damaged solar cells and solar modules under severe weather conditions.

The present invention describes compounds comprising at least one structural element having at least three fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings (AR) and at least one structural element having an aromatic or heteroaromatic valerolactam (AV), especially for use in electronic devices. The invention further relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention and to electronic devices comprising these.

The present invention describes compounds comprising at least one structural element having at least three fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings (AR) and at least one structural element having an aromatic or heteroaromatic valerolactam (AV), especially for use in electronic devices. The invention further relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention and to electronic devices comprising these.

A random copolymer comprising the monomer units A, B and C. In this random copolymer A comprises ##STR00001##
B comprises ##STR00002##
and C comprises an aryl group. Additionally, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

A memristor device, a fabricating method thereof, a synaptic device including the memristor device, and a neuromorphic device including the synaptic device are provided. The memristor device includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, a resistance change layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a polymer, and an insertion layer disposed between the first electrode and the resistance change layer and including an oxide. An electrochemical metallization mechanism (ECM) filament is formed in the resistance change layer, and a valence change mechanism (VCM) filament is formed in the insertion layer. The memristor device has a synaptic characteristic according to a change in resistance of the resistance change layer. The insertion layer includes an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 layer. The insertion layer includes an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 layer formed by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process using a temperature of about 200° C. or higher.

Photopolymers, monomers, compositions including photopolymers and a dopant, and methods, including methods for eliciting a photomechanical response. The dopant may be a triplet sensitizing dopant. The exposing of compositions to the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation may elicit a photomechanical response via a triplet excited state mechanism.

An inverted polymer photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) includes an anode; a first anodic interlayer (buffer layer) based on PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate]; an active layer having at least one photoactive organic polymer as an electron donor and at least one electron acceptor organic compound; a cathodic interlayer (buffer layer); and a cathode. A second anodic interlayer (buffer layer) includes at least one heteropolyacid and, optionally, at least one amino compound is placed between the first anodic interlayer (buffer layer) and the active layer.

The inverted polymer photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) shows good values of photoelectric conversion efficiency (power conversion efficiency—PCE) (η) and, in particular, a good level of adhesion between the different layers, more specifically between the active layer and the first anodic interlayer (buffer layer).

The present disclosure relates to an organic light emitting device including an anode; a cathode; a light emitting layer provided between the anode and the cathode; a first organic material layer including a composition including a compound of Chemical Formula 1 or a cured material thereof provided between the light emitting layer and the anode; and a second organic material layer including a copolymer of Chemical Formula 3 or a cured material thereof provided between the first organic material layer and the light emitting layer,

##STR00001## wherein all the variables are described herein.